Absorption of Nuclear Radiation Essay Example for Free

Absorption of Nuclear Radiation EssayThe purpose of this experiment was to notice the quid thickness attenuation factor for beta rays when they pass do poly soe sheets of varying thicknesses. This was d matchless by using an apparatus that measured the seven unlike intensities and therefore taking these mensurates, putting them through a mo of calculations and finally generating a graph of ln(I_corr) versus the thickness of the polythene sheets. once this graph was created, it was feasible to apply a linear fit and using that, it was possible to determine the careen of the line. The slope was and then used to calculate the mass thickness attenuation factor which ended up being (0.197m 0.008) g/cm2. This value was then compared to the hypothetic value of 0.2 g/cm2 through a portion residual computation. The percent difference was found to be a mere 1 percent which allowed for the conclusion that the results were very accurate. This was further supported by the graph that was generated because it showed the trend that was expected to be seen. Overall, the experiment was quite successful with only one minor, possible source of error and that being a slight misreading of the color apparatus which would explain the 1 percent difference.ObjectivesIn this experiment there were a couple different objectives. The first objective was to gain an understanding of mass thickness attenuation through an investigation using beta rays and polyethylene sheets of different thicknesses. The second objective was to gain practice with new and unfamiliar laboratory instruments.Experimental ProcedureFor this experiment, there were multiple parts to the procedure. The first part was to construe the voltage at which the specific G-M counter operates. This was done by first setting the timer to auto and placing the beta tray in the G-M tube. Next, the counter set up was powered on, reset, and started by pushing the button labeled count. The voltage was increased in s mall increments until the unit began to continue to increase on its own. Once this occurred, it meant that the limen voltage had been determined. After this, 75 volts was added to the threshold voltage and the machine remained at this level for the rest of the experiment.The next part of the procedure was to determine the background actinotherapy that was present within the environment. This was done by simply turning on the counter, at the previously determined voltage, and taking a ten minute measurement. Once this was completed it was possible to determine what radiation was coming from the samples and what was just coming from the environment. The relative error for the intensity number found during this part of the procedure was then calculated and both values were recorded.The next part of the procedure was performed to discover the mass thickness attenuation coefficient of beta rays through polyethylene sheets of varying thickness. This was done by placing the beta source i n the second level of the counter, placing the polyethylene sheet in the unit also, turning on the counter, and taking a one minute reading. This same procedure was repeated 6 more times, with 6 other polyethylene sheets of varying thicknesses. Each count for all seven polyethylene sheets was recorded, along with the varying thicknesses of the sheets, and both values were used in the final calculations.Experimental ResultsThe plot that was generated from the results can be found on attachment one. The calculations to have to these results can be found on attachment two.Data Analysis and DiscussionIn this experiment an apparatus was used to observe the way the mass thickness attenuation factor changed when multiple polyethylene sheets of a variety of thicknesses were used. The apparatus that was used, measured the intensity of the radiation in a unit manage as counts. Because it is not possible to completely exclude the background noise that is naturally occurring in the environmen t, it was necessary to take this into account when performing the calculations. For each polyethylene sheet that was used (of which there were seven), the I_corr was calculated. This was done by taking the intensity value given by the apparatus, subtracting the background noise value that was found previously, and then dividing by ten. Once all of these values were calculated, they were then used to find the natural log of I_corr, which ended up being the y value on the graph.After generating the ln(I_corr) versus thickness graph, a linear fit was applied. It was from the information provided by the linear fit that allowed comparisons to be made between the theoretical and experimental values. The slope of the linear fit was used to calculate the experimental mass attenuation factor and its error which was found to be (0.197m 0.01) g/cm2. This value was then compared to the theoretical value of 0.2 g/cm2 through the percent difference equation. The percent difference was found to be 1.35%. The most probably source of error that caused this percent difference is a slight misreading by the apparatus used to measure intensity.In order to have decreased the possibility of this happening, the unit should have been well-tried beforehand to ensure that it was working at its full potential. Because the percent difference is so small, however, it can be concluded that not only are the experimental results precise, but that they are also very accurate and can be accepted as the mass attenuation factor. This is also supported by the graph. The value for intensity seen on the graph decreases in an almost linear fashion, as the thickness of the polyethylene sheets increased as was expected. This indicated that as the polyethylene sheets increased in thickness, the intensity of radiation decreased, suggesting that more beta rays were being play uped.ConclusionOverall, the objectives of the experiment were accomplished. Not only was mass thickness attenuation looked at i n bully detail throughout the experiment, but it was also investigated further after the fact through comparison of the theoretical and experimental values. According to the results, the beta rays scatter and absorb at a mass thickness attenuation factor of (0.197m +/- 0.01) g/cm2. When this value was compared to the theoretical value of 0.2 g/cm2, it was concluded that indeed it was accurate because it had a percent difference of a mere 1 percent. Furthermore, this percentage could be explained by a simple misreading of the unit used to find the intensity values. Had the unit not made any slight misreading, the percent difference would have been even smaller and the experiment would have been even more successful.

Is General Will Compatible With Individual Freedom Politics Essay

Is General Will Compatible With Individual Freedom Politics Es takeJean-Jacque Rousseau wrote at a time before great cordial and political change in Europe. His texts remain one of the classic c erstwhilepts of political theory. His writings have been thought of by many as, the bible for the French transmutation for his foresight and perhaps predictions for the violence and terror that followed. His text, The Social Contract (1762) is made up of 4 books. In Books 1 and 2 he aimed to address the riddle of political morality and the theory of institutions in Books 3 and 4. Rousseau was a guardian of democracy, an advocate for individual liberty and an egalitarian.Rousseau begins with the famous opening lines, Men are born(p) degage, yet everywhere are in chains He starts by explaining the way in which men are bound to the chains of civil auberge which restrain the natural right of man to an objective independent freedom. He believed that civil society does not give man the free dom, liberty and equality that were promised to him when get together society. Rousseau believed that the entirely way to prevent these shackles from becoming uncomfortable would be by the collective creation of a body in society forming a whiz pass on, the general will. When answering the question it is important to understand the idea of the rule of the general will to see if it is compatible with the freedom of the individual. The general will is uttered by the sovereign (either an individual with a unified will or a collective body in society). The definition and purpose of this general will is to act in the needs and desires of the collective and to sustain the common good for all people. Rousseau explains, The English people believed itself to be free. It is greatly mistaken it is free only during the election of the members of Parliament. Once they are elected, the populace is enslaved it is nothing . To Rousseau the idea of the general will is one of free debate in an as sembly of individuals and equals of what is of common interest. In Chapter 15 of Book 3 he puts forward the idea that sovereignty cannot be represented, because it consists of the general will and the general will cannot be represented . J. Plamenatz (1992) gives this occasion for Rousseaus argument for direct as apposed to representative democracy. Every citizen in Rousseaus ideal society should make the laws themselves and not entrust this job in the places of others. This was Rousseaus third principle. In essence general will gives every individual in the collective the freedom to vote how he pleases in the assembly and ultimately everyone has a say in the running of the society as the democracy is direct. However, Rousseau retains that general will should not be the desire of the individual will, yet what will be adept for everyone.Rousseau also believed that whoever went against obeying the general will ought to be en hale to do so by the whole body. This means nothing other than that he shall be forced to be free . What Rousseau means by this is that by people having the obligation to adhere to the social contract and by having to receive the benefit of the general will, theyre gaining freedom. This is in contrast to Hobbes and Locke who believed laws were created to stop us wandering from the path of civil obedience and referred to as hedges. Rousseau asserts that it is the process of law making that sets us free. His key argument was that if we are the authors of the law then we could manifest our own freedom and independence.According to Rousseau we are all born free and have the capacity to be free but to achieve this Rousseau believed we have to build a social government that does not enslave us. It could be argued that Rousseaus idea of the rule of the general will, is compatible with the freedom of the individual. This is because Rousseau depict the notion of there being 2 different types of freedom. There is social freedom and a personal free dom. He also refers to personal freedom as the state of nature. Rousseau said that freedom was only reachable when the populace obeyed the laws it set itself. J. Plamenatz (1992) describes this by explaining ideally we would say, I alone have made the law that I obey but that this is impossible and instead the most we can hope for is that each should say, I obey the law that we have made rather than I obey the law that they have made. This ideal is that every citizen should identify himself with the community that makes the law . Rousseau bellied that the ability to follow these rules and laws would only be possible once one recognised themselves as a go and member of the community of lawmakers.Rousseau had previously discussed the first explanatory problem of the origins of how we became unfree, when we are born naturally free in the state of nature. He wrote about this in Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (1755). It is in The Social Contract (1762) that he explained the seco nd problem, the excusatory problem and suggested an answer. Rousseau asserted that power only becomes legitimate once the people consent to it and. He said, Each of us puts his person and all his power in common under the supreme direction of the general will and in a body we receive each member as an indivisible part of the wholeIn conclusion, Iain Hampsher-Monk writes in A History of Modern Polticial Thought that, part of the main, objective of the general will, therefore is its constant tendency to equality . He says that the notion of obeying ourselves is a difficult one to understand, however he explains that in this way of setting and obeying our own rules, tyranny can be guarded against . Whilst some(a) scholars have regarded Rousseaus political thought as pointing towards totalitarianism, (as he advocates complete subservience to the state) many others regard him as a firm liberal and a defender of freedom and equality. For this reason it is believed that Rousseaus idea of the rule of the general will is compatible with the freedom of the individual, as in Rousseaus state the popular sovereignty effectively governs themselves by legitimising the chains of society and reconciling sovereignty , freedom and authority.

The automobile industry value chain analysis

The automobile industry value chain analysisSection 2 next on from your analysis in Question 1, discuss the competitive postion of General Motors Europe (GME) at the time of the case.Threat of EntryThe automobile industry is face the mature stage, although the high barriers to entry considering the huge amount of capital required for companies to manufacture and design their cars and the very low switching costs consumers face when ever- changing carshowever it doesnt mean there ar no in the raw entrants to Europe for instance Asian automaker as Toyota Nissan and others to be actively present in the market.Threat of RivalryThere is a very high scourge of rivalry within the industry, as automaker should always be updated with new technologies, founding and come out with new models and design. Moreoer for GME the exit barrier is relatively high due to investments made throughout the past decades. With the emergence of Asian carmakers in Europe there had been a diversification con sidering models and tolls, in other words it is a diversity of rivals.Threat of SubstitutesSubstitutes within the industry be more or slight depending on consumers and their preference of commuting and travelling, it incorpo counts cycles, buses, underground and also could be planes and just walking. Consumers arent offended by taking public transports within the most European countries, also traffic jam in some places are reason for not using a car, which decrease the switching cost., plus the high price of gas play a major role.Threat of SuppliersAs automakers manufacture their cars so the threat is considerably low, as there are a outsize modus operandi of suppliers GME can choose from, which make suppliers give more discounts, also cars elements are more or less standardised. Most of the time car companies make up with one supplier and there is no forward integration as suppliers are small comparing the automaker and in contrary GME can blend backwardly the supplier or in some cases they create an alliance to reduce the costs.Threat of BuyersExcept big companies buying lots of cars, solobuyers represent an insignificant threat but at the same time its bargaining power is high as the customer has plenty of diametric brands, models and prices to choose from. The large number of consumers are facing as said before low switching costs and the loyalty brand isnt very high which means that GME has to attract and retain consumers by incentives for lesson due to price sensitivity, as consumers are looking for the best deals concerning quality/price.Value chain analysisPrimary Activities The Primary activities for GME are the followings increase Designing, Resources purchase, Production, Marketing and Distribution and finally Customer Service.Product Designing is becoming of the key features within the industry. As nowadays cars are almost standardised, so with the estimable tools GME cars have already an image of strength and power. GME is at the same t rying to offer cars that are not only powerful but also less fuel consuming.Resource purchase the purchase of the right material is very important, as seen in Porters Five Forces, suppliers have very low power on GME in other words the organisation can almost select its preferable price over the supplier.Production GME was the largest manufacture of cars in Europe the take reached its peak in the early 1990s. However, its methods have showed an inadequacy, as they have been producing more than the demand.GMEs Marketing Distribution efforts havent done an efficient job of pleasing the public. This could be by displaying cars in showrooms, announcement etc. in order to get automobiles GME uses trucks and trains to deliver them to dealers.Customer Service Support generally supporting the customers after a sale. GME has an 800 number so if customer needs help or have an enquiry they can call for free.Support Activities sustain the daily operations of GME but are not directly implicat ed in the manufacturing process of GME vehicles. These activities include Human Resources, communications and Consumer crediting.Section 3 Assess the performance improving options taken or proposed by GME at the time of the case.General Motors Electric knew that it could only improve from within (internally) as Macro economic factors like exchange rate, inflation rate etc are beyond their reach.All successful melodic phrasees have mainly two aimscut costsincrease gross salesIn GMs case increased sales was not an accessible option, so therefore the comp any(prenominal) had to focus on performance improving options, here below is what GM proposed at the time of the case.GM reduced its workforce by 20% in an attempt to boost productivity and reduce costs by $600 millionUse competitive determine and offer additional servicesGME formed a strategic alliance with Fiat SPA in 2001 a restructuring plan called Project Olympia was produced to once more reduce costs and decrease merchandise capacity by 15%Closing down Luton plant to again reduce costsMoving production to cheaper areas in this case a German plant was closed down and manufacturing transferred to PolandIntegration of operationsAbandon cost incurring practices like using different parts and wiring for different carsStrategically GME have achieved both some success and failure in its operations to improve the situation in Europe, for example the reduction of employees and closures of unproductive plants are fully justified as the business cant continue to record huge losses year on year, in fact these decisions should have been made faster reflecting GM poor management structure unable to make quick decisions in a ever changing market. GM was also correct to cut out the practice off using different parts and wiring for different cars as this reduces overheads as any loss making business must cut costs at every opportunity. However there are also strategic failures GM apply for example a strategic alliance with an Asian manufacturer would have been more beneficial then with Fiat as this alliance could have disposed GM access to supreme management and technology resources, in return GM could have offered some concessions to the US market. Another example of poor strategic decision making is the use of competitive pricing which a loss making business should never implement as good marketing could over time allow for premium prices. GM should have offered extended warranties as this actually costs the company very little in real terms, in the USA GM offer warranties for 100,000 miles over 5 old age perhaps this could be implemented in its European business model.General thoughts on how GM can improve their European performance Change management team in EuropeForm strategic alliance with Japanese manufacturer with superior manufacturing techniquesFocus on the lucrative segment of the European marketReduce investment in the EU, until the economic situation improves (short-term vs. long -term )Change EU business model e.g. produce little cars which are now popularOffer additional features to their carsUsed money saved and invest more in RD project long term strategy to recapture market shareConclusionGeneral Motors is the largest automaker in the world and has been an industry leader for 77 years yet it finds its European operations in all kinds of trouble. Huge financial losses, a dissatisfied customer base, competitors with superior management and production techniques to name a few. All of these problems are due to GM having a poor corporate strategy plan, GM become reactive rather then proactive and in strategy you can never rest on your laurels, the company missed clear trends within the market such as a demand for smaller cars, cars with less CO2 emissions, cars with additional features etc. This case is a good example of strategy as it shouldnt be done strategy requires successful firms to undertake feedback from their customers, for firms to have clear an d set goals at all time and how to get there, strategy requires firms to ever excel and always be ambitious to seek new and rewarding risks. The main findings of the report suggest that GM didnt have the right business model or structure to cope with sudden change this is fairly understandable due to GM size and decision making tends to be slower amongst large companies due to the amount of management layers, but one would necessitate a company with manufacturing facilities in 35 countries and sales in 200 countries to at least get the basic rights. GM was guilty of not gainful enough attention to the Macro environment were political changes were gearing towards reducing CO2 emissions, GM also underestimated the threat from Asian car companies and as a result quickly lost market share and sales.

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Oxidative Stress Relationship

Alzheimers Disease (AD) and Oxidative Stress RelationshipAlzheimers disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease which causes a deadly twist in the geomorphological integrity, and a roadblock in the function of head word, this lastly channel the situation to degeneration and shrinkage of brain, and override the control of brain over new(prenominal) parts of the body, and come alongs to the final closing remark of the disease- wipeout. Studies do on the topic have corroborated that the disease is not reversible, and the only patch of trust is slowing depressed its progress. But as the disease advances through mid stage and evolves into unvoiced AD, the condition of patient becomes pathetic and c atomic number 18 giving becomes more painful. Studies have reported that notable symptoms of AD are seen only after 60 years of age, even though the disease has started before that. Initial symptoms are loss of short term memory- being forgetful about the recent events, and in stages over a period of time patient seems more wanting(p) minded about the environment, things which are chemically etched in the long term memory begins to be erased, and the final stage starts pushing the patient into severe AD which is tremendously pathetic.Studies have proved that loss of function of neurons is the cause of AD. A closer look into the aspect revealed a complex set of events that raven the neuronal degeneration- oxidative stress and imbalance in homeostasis, formation of roadblocks in communication, falling apart of integrity and death of neurons. This enabled to go beyond the findings of superficial studies through and meditation developed, and helped to delve much deeper into the inner workings and mechanics of the disease. Hypotheses developed to explain mechanism of AD are amyloid cascade hypothesis, cholinergic hypothesis and tau hypothesis. Amyloid cascade hypothesis says, APP- Amyloid Precursor Protein, a transmembrane protein involved in main roles of growth , survival and repair of nerve cells- is snipped at wrong places by an enzyme called secretase, leading to the formation of amyloid peptides which accumulates to form plaques- amyloid plaques- and bind to synapses blocking the communication channel, eventually causes memory loss. According to cholinergic hypothesis, downward drift in the levels of acetylcholine in brain is the cause for Alzheimers disease. Loss of function of cholinergic neurons was found in Alzheimers disease patients. Shift in the level of acetylcholine happens delinquent to the lack of two enzymes involved in synthesis and breaking down of acetylcholine. This will lead to loss of function of neurons brains functionality falls apart, and eventually leads to symptoms of Alzheimers disease. Tau hypothesis approaches the problem in another perspective, tau protein- a protein associated with microtubules in nerve cells- gets hyperphosphorylated, this enables cross marrying among tau protein units, and they back off from being attached to the microtubules. This causes loss of structural integrity of nerve cells, and they collapse and clump to form tangles- neurofibrillary tangles. Studies conducted focusing on the inner workings of these hypothesis have found that oxidative stress is the flat coat that enhances plaque and tangle formation, repair mechanisms in cells are unable to solve the situation as the oligomer formation and cross linking are predominantly made by non peptide bonds. In another study, amyloid peptides have shown close relation with some causes of mad cow disease. Studies related to genetics of AD have found the link between APOE gene on chromosome 21 and the disease. APOE gene codes for apolipoprotein, and one among its functions is breaking down of APP. APOE has variants, APOE4 is the one which codes for less active protein whose capacity to break down APP is sluggish. People with this variant gene are more tend to develop AD in later stages of life, and any abnormality related to chromosome 21 overly results in AD over a period of time.To know more about the mechanism of disease and its attachment to oxidative stress, further studies have done from different angles, and all the studies have come to a common point, the findings from all the studies stitched together gave a complex and elaborate picture about the mechanism of the disease. unblock radical damage leads to oxidation of products in cell. Oxidation leads to new end products of glycation, nitration, lipid peroxidation, and oxidation of nucleic acids. These new end products chemically modify other proteins and compartments inside the cell. Oxidized derivatives impede with the channel of trace elements, and imbalances their homeostasis, and enables proteins like tau to form non peptide cross linking. In response to changes cell up the levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)- an antioxidant enzyme to mitigate the bighearted effects from free radical damage- but rapid heaping up of neurotoxic su bstances goes beyond control leading to severe imbalances, blockage of communication channels, and eventually death of neuron. Since mitochondria is the main source of free radicals and oxidative precursors. Certain deletions in mtDNA resulted in change in normal levels and rates of metabolism and production of free radicals. Free radicals formed in mitochondria are short lived and they do not have the ability to cross membrane and progress to cytoplasm to cause damage, this led studies in a new direction and found free radicals- OH from cytoplasm- can attack guanidine in RNAs in cytoplasm and this both can cross the membrane and reach into mitochondria, and cause imbalance and production of more stable H2O2 radicals which can come to cytoplasm and react with the channel of trace elements, and starts the primary events for the major causes for AD to come into being. AD starts at neocortex area of brain, and as the neurons die and rupture, the neurotoxic substances- plaques, free ra dicals, tangles, etc. pervade the nearby nerve cells, and the cycle goes on and gradually covers the brain and makes it slip out of its normal being.

Computers in the Classroom: Benefits for Different Learning Styles :: Education Teaching

Computers in the Classroom Benefits for Different Learning StylesWho could have ever known that technology would agitate the new era Its constant growth has what made its presence so predominant in at presents world, and now even in todays classroom. More and more classrooms are being infiltrated by this growing technological genius. From the internet, to software, it offers endless gets of resources and knowledge to its user with just the touch of a button. In fact, computers give benefits to any student in the classroom even if they may have a different learning style. Whether the student is a visual, auditory, or kinesthetic learner, the computer offers something for everyone. The computer brings many benefits to the classroom environment even without focusing on separate learning styles. The internet of course is a big advantage With its millions of sources and websites, the internet allows us to find basically any kind of information we need without even having to open a boo k. Also you faecal matter communicate your run with you anywhere you want to go, even home. Nationally, only about 40% of homes have computers in them (Foulger p1). This is a very sad statistic considering the flexibility computer databases allow. You can even save your work to a disk and upload it onto another computer if you do not have access to the original computer you started running(a) on. This is a major plus for many teachers and students because it allows them to keep grades calculated, and keep work organized. The use of computers in the classroom also can significantly decrease the amount of constitution use making it more environmentally friendly. The only time a computer calls for the use of paper is when someone needs to print something out, where as with manual work there is always the constant use of paper as a writing canvas. Computers give teachers the option to have students save their work either to a disk, the hard drive or to an internet software program (such as Blackboard) for grading. This benefit also decreases the chance of those disorganized type teachers from losing your paper or having piles and piles of papers upon their desk just waiting for grading. With the use of technology and all the new intelligence coming out, computers and computer programs are neat more and more beneficial. There are hundreds of programs now out there that can help students to learn any subject matter from spelling and reading, to physics and philosophy.

Understanding of Intersubjectivity and Life in Theodors Celms Philosophical Works :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Understanding of Intersubjectivity and Life in Theodors Celms Philosophical WorksABSTRACT Theodors Celms (1893-1989), a salient Latvian philosopher, was one of Husserls exceed students. Intersubjectivity was an important understructure in the psychological reading of phenomenology when Celm turned to the problem of the transcendental I and to a living-rather than logically defined-subject. Celms concluded that Husserls phenomenology could not address the question of intersubjectivity because in the furrow of its development it merely substituted pluralistic solipsism for monistic solipsism. What is most essential in phenomenology-the process of sense (or meaning) formation-re mains hardly noticed in Celms work. Contemporary phenomenology has developed as a philosophy of new thinking-a phenomenology of life that can be applied in different ways toward solving various problems of intersubjectivity. Professor Theodors Celms (1893-1989) was the most prominent Latvian philosopher. He has published significant philosophical works in Latvian and German. His philosophical heritage is Der phnomenologische Idealismus Husserls, Riga, 1928 Vom Wesen der Philosophie, Regensburg, 1930 Lebensumgebung und Lebensprojektion, Leipzig, 1933 Subjekt und Subjektivierung. Studien ber das subjektive Sein, Riga, 1943. All these works be republished now in Germany, under the title Der phnomenologische Idealismus Husserls and andere Schriften, Verlag Peter Lang, 1993. In 1922-1925 Celms went to Germany and took up courses in philosophy conducted by Rickert and Husserl. Husserl recognized him as one of the best pupils in phenomenology. At the University of Freiburg he obtained the doctoral degree in philosophy. Later he became a research assistant in the Deutsche Literaturzeitung fr Kritik der internationalen Wissenschaft. His main philosophical book on Husserl was translated in Spain, Madrid, 1931. This work has not lost significance up to this day. Garland in New Your in 1979 recog nized it as important but no longer available book. Celms became famous as one of the deepest critics of Husserls transcendental phenomenology, who tried to find a way out of the phenomenological discrepancies.In the thirties Celms wrote reviews in German on M. Heideggers and M.Schelers philosophies and published volumes in Latvian Tagadnes problmas (The Problems of Today), Riga, 1934, and Patiesba un itums (Truth and Appearance), Riga, 1939 as well as separate articles in papers, magazines and encyclopaedias. The themes of Man, subject, life, consciousness, culture, society relate a most prominent place in T.Celms philosophical articles and lectures in the University of Latvia. At the end of the Second World War Celms emigrated to Germany, then moved to the ground forces (1949).

Great Gatsby :: essays papers

Great GatsbyIn, The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the story is brought to us through a flawed fibber, Nick Carraway. It is through his eyes and ears that we form our opinions of the other characters. This makes the listening blind to any discrimination or bias he might have towards the other characters so Fitzgerald knowingly tries to establish Nick as a trust worthy source. This is important because our only descriptions of Gatsbys character come from Nick. In The Great Gatsby, Nick goes to some length to establish his credibility, including his moral integrity, in telling this story about this great man called Gatsby. He begins with a reflection on his own upbringing, quoting his fathers words about Nicks advantages which we could assume were material but, he soon makes clear, were moral advantages. Nick wants the reader to know that his upbringing gave him the moral foundation with which to withstand and pass judgment on an immoral world, such as the one he has observed i n his stay in the East (New York). He says, rather pompously, that as a consequence of such an upbringing, he is habituated to reserve all judgments about other mint, but then goes on to say that such tolerance... has a limit. This is the first sign that we can trust this narrator to give us an even-handed insight to the story that is about to unfold, but we later learn that he neither reserves all judgments nor does his tolerance reach its limit.He admits early into the story, for example, that he makes an exception of judging Gatsby, for whom he is prepared to suspend both the moral code of his upbringing and the limit of tolerance, because Gatsby had an extraordinary gift for hope, a romantic readiness. This inspired him to a level of friendship and loyalty that Nick seems unprepared to extend towards others in the novel. For example, Nick overlooks the moral failures of Gatsbys bootlegging, his association with speakeasies, and his liaison with Meyer Wolfsheim yet, he is cont emptuous of Jordan Baker for cheating in a mere golf game. And though he says that hes prepared to forgive this sort of behavior in a woman It made no difference to me. Dishonesty in a woman is a thing you never blame too deeply... I was nonchalantly sorry, and then I forgot, it seems that he cannot accept her for being incurably dishonest, and then says that his one cardinal virtue is that hes one of the few honest people he has ever known.