The Liberalization Of Drugs During America - 1309 Words

The Liberalization of Drugs in America In 1971, Richard Nixon declared a war against drugs. Today, it still continues to be a huge failure, leading to mass incarceration in the U.S., corruption, violence and human rights abuses across the world. The DEA, or Drug Enforcement Administration, focuses on eliminating the supply of drugs and incarcerating drug traffickers. This strategy is inefficient because of supply and demand. If one attempts to eliminate the supply, then new ways will be found or new producers will produce due to demand. An example would be crystal meth. the U.S. government tried to stop crystal meth’s production by outlawing or regulating the sales of chemicals required to make it (â€Å"Controlled Substances Act†). In response, thousands of small-scale meth production labs popped up using unregulated chemicals. The U.S. then regulated those chemicals, which then only let the cartel, of whom have more experience and skill, to take over. With a less than 1% success rate, the DEA is still being funded around 30 billion dollars (Performance Budget). The reason most of the drugs in the U.S. are illegal are due to racist ties, this includes heroin (opium), marijuana, and cocaine. The U.S. should end the war on drugs and instead focus on the rehabilitation and discharge of drug abusers, users and dealers. Prohibition may prevent some from taking drugs, but in the process it causes huge societal issues. Many of the things we associate with drug use are actuallyShow MoreRelatedEssay Illegal Drugs and Its Impacts1342 Words   |  6 PagesSurvey on Drug Abuse in 2001, 12% of Americans ages 12 and older reported illegal drug use in the past year (Drug Policy Information Clearinghouse, 2003). Some of the most popular drugs include marijuana, cocaine, and heroine. With such widespread use worldwide, illegal drugs have serious social and political impacts. Socially, drug use spreads quickly and is closely related to crimes. Politically, drug u se sparks the debate between prohibition and legalization. The most widely abuse drug in the UnitedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1436 Words   |  6 Pagesdirection of most debates about marijuana concern drug liberalization as the nation gets more and more progressive with marijuana. Quite recently, a few states have went forward and legalized marijuana for recreational use, and even Canada has taken its first step towards marijuana legalization. According to a survey conducted by the Pew Research Center, a nonpartisan organization that provides information about the issues, attitudes, and trends changing America, as of 2015, the support for marijuana isRead MoreThe Collapse Of The Soviet Union1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe collapse of the Soviet Union and other socialist regimes in the early 1990s, marked a new era for the dominance of liberal democracy and capitalism. However, in Latin America there has been a resurgence of socialism into the 21st century. This resurgence has come to be known as the Pink Tide. It is associated w ith a moderate form of socialism that attempts to work with the current capitalist global economy and globalization. Although the degree of socialism differs from country to country, theRead MoreThe Drug Crisis Of Colombia1594 Words   |  7 Pagesable to keep a drug trade business going despite the government rejections. The traffickers started off with importing marijuana into the United States, and later turned to cocaine. The amounts of drugs being traded also grew rapidly. â€Å"†¦shipments grew from individuals carrying small amounts of large quantities on boats and low-flying airplanes†(Gilmore). The growth of drug trade in Colombia created two cartels, one that was led by Medellin and one led in Cali. Soon enough, the drug industry becameRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana1498 Words   |  6 Pagesnot be legalized and must be discouraged as it is harmful and creates problems for the society Introduction Marijuana, also known as marihuana, is a drug that is taken from Cannabis sativa, a hemp plant. It is one of the most frequently used and popular drugs in the world along with caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. The United States of America is one of the worlds leading producers of marijuana where it is generally smoked and is also referred to as weed or reefer by the citizens (marijuana)Read MoreExtent to which the Republican Party Liberalized1502 Words   |  6 Pagesliberal legislation and active reformers, such as President Theodore Roosevelt. The goal of this investigation is to determine the extent to which Republican Party liberalized, as a response to the events of the Progressive Era. The causes of this liberalization, as well as the impact, will also be discussed. This investigation will be made possible by the use of original documents from the Progressive Era as primary sources, and biographies and critical analyses of the era as secondary sourcesRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1470 Words   |  6 PagesBefore its prohibition, marijuana was a common ingredient found in different medicinal products. The drug was commercialized in the liquid form of hashish in most pharmaceutical stores across America. However, it was not until the early twentieth century that several states passed laws prohibiting the plant; at the time the case was not controversial and had little public outcry. Back then marijuana smoking was mostly performed by the lower class and immigrants, mainly of Mexican origin. ThereforeRead MoreHistory Of Trans Pacific Partnership899 Words   |  4 Pagessupply chains, boost competitiveness and increase the standard of living within the countries involved with the partnership. The agreement could require coun tries to adopt stricter labor and environmental rules, provide stronger legal protections to drug companies, lengthen and enforce the terms of copyright protection, and etc. The Peterson Institute for International Economics estimated that the TPP could increase US incomes by $77 billion by 2025. An article from the official website of The WhiteRead MoreWto and Its Impact on Indian Economy11045 Words   |  45 Pagesare: âž ¢ General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) âž ¢ General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) âž ¢ General Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights These Agreements: 1. Spell out the principles of liberalization, and the permitted exceptions. 2. Include individual countries’ commitments to lower custom tariffs and other trade barriers, and to open and keep open services markets. 3. Set procedures for settling disputes. 4. Prescribe special treatmentRead MoreEssay on Mexico Pest Analysis2157 Words   |  9 PagesG20 taking place of Italy, my â€Å"decayed† home-country, among the ten most developed economies of the world. Going beyond the disappointment for the bad performance of Italian economy, it’s remarkable that for the first time a country from Latin America is going to enter the elite of world economies. For this reason it was really interesting to deepen the factors that are leading Mexico growth and PEST Analysis resulted the perfect instrument for this investigation. P – Political Environment Mexico

Mr Golspie’s Role in the Novel Angel Pavement Free Essays

Essay What is Mr Golspie’s role in the novel Angel Pavement? When we come to see Twigg Dersingham company in the Angel pavement for the first time it present  a sorry spectacle. The first chapter contains a detailed description of a street and the employees at Twigg Dersingham. We learn that the life of the main characters such as Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Mr Golspie’s Role in the Novel Angel Pavement or any similar topic only for you Order Now Smith, Turgis or Miss Matfield is rather dull. The story is set against the background of the Great Depression. Their work at the office is quite monotonous; the firm is on the edge of bankruptcy, thus there are practically no clients and no work for the staff. The salary is extremely low and there is no hope for changing the situation for the better. Moreover at their leisure the employees at Twigg Dersingham don’t have a lot of good time either. Someone like young Turgis, who has no family, in fact no life at all outside Twigg ; Dersingham, merely has neither ability nor desire to go  to some rather expensive places of entertainment, others like Mr. Smith with his lower-middle-class family, completely dependent upon him, considers his job, the very center of his being and is too much concerned with savings and providing for the family. But with Mr. Golspie’s arrival great changes take place. First of all a mysterious Mr. Golspie assures the future of their veneer-and-inlay company through imports from the Baltic. A man without a past, weaves in and out of all of the characters’ lives, vigorously reordering for himself a chaotic world, offering but eventually withholding from the others a promise of riches and enchantment. Mr. Golspie represents a charismatic man who is able to control the destinies of lesser mortals. He has the capacity to evoke excitement in a humdrum world through his confidence, his shrewdness, and the force of his personality. He brings new colours and emotions in the lives of his employees. He not only enhances their well-fare, but also makes them perceive the life around them from a new viewpoint. Thus Miss Matfield due to Mr. Golspie’s courting begins to enjoy life at full swing. She realizes that she is an attractive woman, the woman men can strive for. Even her Burpenfield Club no longer seems to be so intolerable. Turgis is also under a great influence of Mr. Golspie, to be more precise under the influence of Mr. Golspie’s daughter, Lena. Turgis is head over ears in love with her, for im she is the prettiest girl in the world. For this romantic period his life acquires new sense. Nevertheless very soon these magical transformations come to an end. Lena having amused herself with Turgis switches to another boy and has no longer interest in her former relations. Such a cruel step nearly let to a suicide. Mr. Golspie leaves the company even in a more disastrous situation than it had been. Having achieved his profit Mr. Golspie without any regrets get rid of the place, leaving his employees and a partner quite vulnerable. He doesn’t come to the arranged meeting with Miss Matfield, a woman towards whom he seemed to have had tender feelings, and even leaves her no note that he departs for South Amerika. Thus we may conclude that though on the surface of it Mr. Golspie’s role in the novel can be evaluated as rather positive, I personally believe that his arrival has caused a lot of pain and destruction. But still if the characters are strong enough to survive such a hard period, they are sure to learn a lesson from Mr. Golspie How to cite Mr Golspie’s Role in the Novel Angel Pavement, Papers Mr Golspie’s Role in the Novel Angel Pavement Free Essays Essay What is Mr Golspie’s role in the novel Angel Pavement? When we come to see Twigg Dersingham company in the Angel pavement for the first time it present  a sorry spectacle. The first chapter contains a detailed description of a street and the employees at Twigg Dersingham. We learn that the life of the main characters such as Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Mr Golspie’s Role in the Novel Angel Pavement or any similar topic only for you Order Now Smith, Turgis or Miss Matfield is rather dull. The story is set against the background of the Great Depression. Their work at the office is quite monotonous; the firm is on the edge of bankruptcy, thus there are practically no clients and no work for the staff. The salary is extremely low and there is no hope for changing the situation for the better. Moreover at their leisure the employees at Twigg Dersingham don’t have a lot of good time either. Someone like young Turgis, who has no family, in fact no life at all outside Twigg ; Dersingham, merely has neither ability nor desire to go  to some rather expensive places of entertainment, others like Mr. Smith with his lower-middle-class family, completely dependent upon him, considers his job, the very center of his being and is too much concerned with savings and providing for the family. But with Mr. Golspie’s arrival great changes take place. First of all a mysterious Mr. Golspie assures the future of their veneer-and-inlay company through imports from the Baltic. A man without a past, weaves in and out of all of the characters’ lives, vigorously reordering for himself a chaotic world, offering but eventually withholding from the others a promise of riches and enchantment. Mr. Golspie represents a charismatic man who is able to control the destinies of lesser mortals. He has the capacity to evoke excitement in a humdrum world through his confidence, his shrewdness, and the force of his personality. He brings new colours and emotions in the lives of his employees. He not only enhances their well-fare, but also makes them perceive the life around them from a new viewpoint. Thus Miss Matfield due to Mr. Golspie’s courting begins to enjoy life at full swing. She realizes that she is an attractive woman, the woman men can strive for. Even her Burpenfield Club no longer seems to be so intolerable. Turgis is also under a great influence of Mr. Golspie, to be more precise under the influence of Mr. Golspie’s daughter, Lena. Turgis is head over ears in love with her, for im she is the prettiest girl in the world. For this romantic period his life acquires new sense. Nevertheless very soon these magical transformations come to an end. Lena having amused herself with Turgis switches to another boy and has no longer interest in her former relations. Such a cruel step nearly let to a suicide. Mr. Golspie leaves the company even in a more disastrous situation than it had been. Having achieved his profit Mr. Golspie without any regrets get rid of the place, leaving his employees and a partner quite vulnerable. He doesn’t come to the arranged meeting with Miss Matfield, a woman towards whom he seemed to have had tender feelings, and even leaves her no note that he departs for South Amerika. Thus we may conclude that though on the surface of it Mr. Golspie’s role in the novel can be evaluated as rather positive, I personally believe that his arrival has caused a lot of pain and destruction. But still if the characters are strong enough to survive such a hard period, they are sure to learn a lesson from Mr. Golspie How to cite Mr Golspie’s Role in the Novel Angel Pavement, Essay examples

A College Education Is Important free essay sample

Would you rather go to college and have a much better life, or choose no additionary education and end up homeless and unemployed? Most people still believe a college education is worth the effort and money, but some people believe otherwise. Supporting reasons for this claim are less unemployment, more opportunities, and more money. There is more value in a college education rather than no additionary education. Having a college degree leads to less unemployment chances. According to The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), a person with an Associate’s degree only has a 5.4% chance of being unemployed (Bureau of Labor Statistics). This means that if someone were to get a college degree, they would be under the national average for unemployment percentage. According to The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), a person with a Master’s degree only has a 3.4% chance of being unemployed (Bureau of Labor Statistics). If a person has a Master’s degree that means their unemployment percentage will be 2. We will write a custom essay sample on A College Education Is Important or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 8% less than the national average, which is 6.2% (as of 2014). According to The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), a person with a Doctoral degree only has a 2.2% chance of being unemployed (Bureau of Labor Statistics). With only a slim 2.2% chance of being unemployed in the U.S.A. this provides people with a Doctoral degree a sense of hope and/or purpose in their career choices. With the evidence presented, it can be said that having a college degree of any type provides people with a less percentage of being unemployed. Having a college diploma provides people with more career opportunities. According to The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 18% of all employers require a Bachelor’s degree (Bureau of Labor Statistics). Someone without a Bachelor’s degree (or higher) would have a 18% less chance to be employed. This would make it much more difficult for someone to be employed especially when considering job avalability. According to The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 4% of all employer require at least an Associate’s degree (Bureau of Labor Statistics). 4% might not sound like much of a difference, but every percentage increases someone’s likelyhood of being employed. As well as the fact that occupations that require no extra schooling might have more competition. In the words of The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), only 39% of employers hire people with a high school diploma or lower (Bureau of Labor Statistics). Compared to someone with a college degree, the chance of being employed with only a highschool diploma are less than half. Getting a high school diploma would increase those chances by more than one third. Having any type of college degree will increase the chances of employment by a large ammount. Having a college diploma will earn more money. According to The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), a person with a Bachelor’s degree makes a median weekly earning of $1,108 (Bureau of Labor Statistics). With the median weekly earning of all workers being $827, people with a Bachelor’s degree would make a median of $287 more per week. To put this into perspective, a person would be able to afford 1124 more ramen noodle packets per week, when compared to the average worker. Explained by The Huffington Post, â€Å"A degree from a prestigious university can open doors to elite buisiness schools and law schools and to jobs paying hundreds of thousands, if not millions a year† (Reich). Without a college degree, a person would make less than $50,000 a year, but having a college degree can increase that yearly wage by more than double which leads to a substantially easier life. In the words of Time, â€Å"In 2010, the median weekly earnings for someone with some college but no degree were $712, compared to $1038 for a college graduate† (Rotherham). While you don’t necessarily need to graduate college to make more money in a career, having a college diploma can make a huge difference in terms of the condition of living and other related things. Having a college degree earns much more money when compared to having no college degree. Some may say college isn’t meant for everyone. While that may be true, anyone and everyone can benefit from a college education. One example of a benefit is money earned per week. According to BLS, with a BAchelor’s degree someone would make $281 more than the national average. Critics might argue college creates too much pressure for students. If a college educations there are several different options including millitary, trade school, and more. For some people, a different option would create less pressure and make it an easier education for them. People might disagree, â€Å"student debt is too much of an issue†. With most college degrees, someone would be able to pay off the average college debt in a year (Bureau of Labor Statstics). A person with a college education will have less of a chance to be unemployed, someone that has a college diploma will be provided with more career, and a person with a college education will earn more money in their career. To conclude, a college education has the ability to benefit anyone and everyone in ways such as unemployment, career opportunities, and money.

The role of nationalism and national identities in the UAE

Introduction The UAE has experienced a quantum leap from just a loose collection of tribes since in 1971 to a wealthy state worth recognition. Despite the robust economic performance the country faces challenges with its native populace. The priority three is demographic imbalance, unemployment rate as well as development of human capital.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of nationalism and national identities in the UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Patrick (1) the UAE has yet to develop the concept of a nation as manifested by the increase in the public debate approaches to guard the national identity through amicably defining who is a national. The UAE has operated on social openness with Islam that is tolerant to heavy modernization and influence by international environments. Some scholarly assertions in the UAE argue the bases of national identity as an Emirati not tied to indigenous populace or aborigines from UAE. Unlike other countries in the Middle East that have a historical struggle for their own determination or expansionism linked with the Western colonizers, the GCC states have faced complications in developing national identity models. Al-Suwaidi (45) views that politics in the UAE rest upon the governance pretext of explicit and implicit consent under the old Lockean principle where the ruling regime serves on the premises of universal acceptance of the incumbent and approach to government. This permeates both inter and intra-Emirates as well as the federal levels. The governing class has laid more emphases on procedural set up of national institutions and systems than focus on development strides in the country’s politics. While citing literature, Patrick (2) explains nationalism in the UAE as positive turning inward vis-à  -vis negative turning outward. This nationalism concept has been entrenched in the Emiratisation policy. In order to pu sh for the nationalism agenda some of the policies in Emiratisation are regulatory than subsidiary. Emiratisation has advanced nationalism avenues on financial empowerment, religious and cultural issues assist in developing of skills as well as creation of professionals. Towards this end, the federal government set up a National Human Resource Development and Employment Authority (TANMIA) charged with enhancing skill development as well as hiring of nationals into the work force.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The national population imbalance Koji (41) notes that the federal government of the UAE has faced a challenge in its demographic composition. The government realized that influx foreigners were creating a population imbalance between national and expatriates, which disadvantaged the locals seeking national opportunities; thus, has led to crisis in defining national ide ntity. As part of the national labour policy, the government has embarked on affirmative action of replacing foreign workers with native ones to enhance the employment for the local work force, while lessening expatriate pool. Koji (43) observes that the overall population is 8 million people with foreigners making up 87 percent; moreover, the work force in the private sector constitutes about one percent of natives. The oil boom that drove the process of national economic development attracted foreign workers in the UAE since the 1970s to service huge labour gaps since at the onset the nationals were few vis-à  -vis the employment opportunities. This initial economic development effort in the 1980s intended to widen revenue sources away from the oil sector bases; however most of the employment opportunities fitted expatriate skills. The unemployment rates among the nationals The UAE is experiencing an increment in the youth population among nationals and a positive correlation wit h unemployment rates. Koji (43) views that some non-oil sectors in the UAE like manufacturing, services as well as construction have created labour opportunities, which have not attracted the nationals on the bases working conditions. This is creating room for expatriates to cease the opportunities to fit in. Nonetheless, the nationals tend to prefer government based jobs vis-à  -vis private sector. Projections on the trend of the labour market estimate that by 2015 more than a quarter million of nationals will be unemployed with four-fifth of this being the youth. As part of giving nationals a priority within the private sector and in specific in banking sector the Decision No. 8 of 1998 by Cabinet that demand each premise to hire at least 4 percent nationals within its workforce. The government is also pursuing efforts on diverse nationalities within a workplace as opposed to cheaper labour that favours influx of foreigners.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The role of nationalism and national identities in the UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This will at the end lead to increase in the infiltration of nationals into the workforce. Moreover, there is increased attention on the movement of non-nationals within the country. Al-Ali (38) notes that about a tenth of Emiratis in private have left employment citing difficulties with working in a multicultural setting as a hindrance to human capital formation, particularly the female gender. Women Empowerment There are gender related issues specifically among the women’s subgroup. Al-Ali (13) observes that gender development has come with new challenges for Emirati women, which need national assistance. Cultural changes have led to low of fertility rates, especially number of children per Emirati women. In the wake of achieving gender equity in nation building, Emirati women are experiencing delayed childbearing and a commitment to a cquiring higher education knowledge while attending to household matters. Traditionalists lifestyle that thrived on more births to propagate family as well as tribal status are facing huge challenges now that Emiratis is called upon to participate actively in the country’s human capital in the economy amid competition from expatriates. Affirmative action has led to more women taking up employment opportunities. In the public sector, women constitute about two-fifth of the workforce in the education sector, a third in health as well as a fifth in the social affairs. Interestingly, affirmative action has led to more women joining higher education and gaining necessary qualification across professions thus beginning career life and earning a living (Al-Ali 13). The more women that join the post secondary education have benefit to their contribution to the human capital development because of the shift in the social attitudes. Conclusion In conclusion, the UAE has presented as a fair model of a nation that has used its natural endowment to diversify and modernize its state, while ensuring there is equality in benefits for natives as well as the rest of the world.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The application of the old Lockean principle implies that the nation appreciates that influence of globalization by tapping benefits and preserving traditions with adverse impacts the country’s history. Furthermore, institutionalizing the challenges facing nationalism through TANMIA is evidence that the government has concern for developing national economy that directly benefits nationals through affirmative action. This is engendered on issues arising from cultural and religious barriers, financial capacity as well as skill and professional development. Some scholarly quarters have the feeling that the country has not yet fully addressed its definition of national identity. Works Cited Al-Ali, Jasim 2008, Structural Barriers to Emiratisation: Analysis and Policy Recommendations. PDF file. 15 Feb. 2008. http://vuir.vu.edu.au/15483/1/al_ali.pdf. Al-Suwaidi, Abdulla. â€Å"The United Arab Emirates At 40: A Balance Sheet.† Middle East Policy. XVIII.4 (2011):44-58. Uaeint eract. Web. Koji, Horinuki. â€Å"Controversies over Labour Naturalisation Policy and its Dilemmas: 40 Years of Emiratisation in the United Arab Emirates.† Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies. 4.1(2011 ):41–61. Asafas. Web. Patrick, Neil 2009, Research Paper, Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States. PDF file. 15 Feb. 2008. This essay on The role of nationalism and national identities in the UAE was written and submitted by user Rashad Gomez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

comparing print and electronic essays

comparing print and electronic essays There are two types of media, the print and the electronic. The print media informs society through newspapers, magazines, and books. Electronic media publicly broadcasts news through radio, television, and recently computers. Both medias informs us on day-to-day events whether the news is local or worldwide but they have their differences. Through media our opinions are influenced and we become socialized. Even though print media seems to be factual and thorough enough, some still feel more partial to the nightly news on television. Hearing the stories is personally easier for society to understand and at the same time remains a reliable source. Because of its visuals, the television is especially powerful in transmitting realism (Graber, 189). Electronic media gives facial expressions and other images that the print media declines in. For example, actually watching the candidates interact with other people on television makes us feel as though we are able to get to know them better and understand their meaning of their decision that they are trying to get across to the American people. The electronic media gives an emotional impact on viewers by showing updated news in action. Journalists receive information during crisis minute by minute allowing them to quickly revise and deliver news to the public. However, the print media would have to wait until the next copy was printed for everyone to get the most recent news. By doing this, the newspapers leave a gap of information that electronic media has the capability to fill. Television shows people what has happened and what they are about to see. Since the journalists seem to put more thought into what they put on paper than what they would say on television, print media tends to more factual and analysis oriented. The print media goes in depth with their coverage where electronic media is straight- forward and only highlights the main topics. The n...

Thomas Youngs Double Slit Experiment

Thomas Young's Double Slit Experiment Throughout the nineteenth century, physicists had a consensus that light behaved like a wave, in large part thanks to the famous double slit experiment performed by Thomas Young. Driven by the insights from the experiment, and the wave properties it demonstrated, a century of physicists sought out the medium through which light was waving, the luminous ether.  Though the experiment is most notable with light, the fact is that this sort of experiment can be performed with any type of wave, such as water. For the moment, however, well focus on the behavior of light. What Was the Experiment? In the early 1800s (1801 to 1805, depending on the source), Thomas Young conducted his experiment. He allowed light to pass through a slit in a barrier so it expanded out in wave fronts from that slit as a light source (under Huygens Principle). That light, in turn, passed through the pair of slits in another barrier (carefully placed the right distance from the original slit). Each slit, in turn, diffracted the light as if they were also individual sources of light. The light impacted an observation screen. This is shown to the right. When a single slit was open, it merely impacted the observation screen with greater intensity at the center and then faded as you moved away from the center. There are two possible results of this experiment: Particle interpretation: If light exists as particles, the intensity of both slits will be the sum of the intensity from the individual slits. Wave interpretation: If light exists as waves, the light waves will have interference under the principle of superposition, creating bands of light (constructive interference) and dark (destructive interference). When the experiment was conducted, the light waves did indeed show these interference patterns. A third image that you can view is a graph of the intensity in terms of position, which matches with the predictions from interference. Impact of Young's Experiment At the time, this seemed to conclusively prove that light traveled in waves, causing a revitalization in Huygens wave theory of light, which included an invisible medium, ether, through which the waves propagated. Several experiments throughout the 1800s, most notably the famed Michelson-Morley experiment, attempted to detect the ether or its effects directly. They all failed and a century later, Einsteins work in the photoelectric effect and relativity resulted in the ether no longer being necessary to explain the behavior of light. Again a particle theory of light took dominance. Expanding the Double Slit Experiment Still, once the photon theory of light came about, saying the light moved only in discrete quanta, the question became how these results were possible. Over the years, physicists have taken this basic experiment and explored it in a number of ways. In the early 1900s, the question remained how light - which was now recognized to travel in particle-like bundles of quantized energy, called photons, thanks to Einsteins explanation of the  photoelectric effect  - could also exhibit the behavior of waves. Certainly, a bunch of water atoms (particles) when acting together form waves. Maybe this was something similar. One Photon at a Time It became possible to have a light source that was set up so that it emitted one photon at a time. This would be, literally, like hurling microscopic ball bearings through the slits. By setting up a screen that was sensitive enough to detect a single photon, you could determine whether there were or were not interference patterns in this case. One way to do this is to have a sensitive film set up and run the experiment over a period of time, then look at the film to see what the pattern of light on the screen is. Just such an experiment was performed and, in fact, it matched Youngs version identically - alternating light and dark bands, seemingly resulting from wave interference. This result both confirms and bewilders the wave theory. In this case, photons are being emitted individually. There is literally no way for wave interference to take place because each photon can only go through a single slit at a time. But the wave interference is observed. How is this possible? Well, the attempt to answer that question has spawned many intriguing interpretations of  quantum physics, from the Copenhagen interpretation to the many-worlds interpretation. It Gets Even Stranger Now assume that you conduct the same experiment, with one change. You place a detector that can tell whether or not the photon passes through a given slit. If we know the photon passes through one slit, then it cannot pass through the other slit to interfere with itself. It turns out that when you add the detector, the bands disappear. You perform the exact same experiment, but only add a simple measurement at an earlier phase, and the result of the experiment changes drastically. Something about the act of measuring which slit is used removed the wave element completely. At this point, the photons acted exactly as wed expect a particle to behave. The very uncertainty in position is related, somehow, to the manifestation of wave effects. More Particles Over the years, the experiment has been conducted in a number of different ways. In 1961, Claus Jonsson performed the experiment with electrons, and it  conformed  with Youngs behavior, creating interference patterns on the observation screen. Jonssons version of the experiment was voted the most beautiful experiment by  Physics World  readers in 2002. In 1974, technology became able to perform the experiment by releasing a single electron at a time. Again, the interference patterns showed up. But when a detector is placed at the slit, the interference once again disappears. The experiment was again performed in 1989 by a Japanese team that was able to use much more refined equipment. The experiment has been performed with photons, electrons, and atoms, and each time the same result becomes obvious - something about measuring the position of the particle at the slit removes the wave behavior. Many theories exist to explain why, but so far much of it is still conjecture.

Arab and Israel Conflict Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arab and Israel Conflict - Essay Example icinity and beyond - forcing them to define their respective principles of national security in the context of balancing levels of political linkage across a multitude of conflict events." (Feste 1991, P xv). Therefore, the Arab-Israeli conflict has been influenced by several essential elements of the socio-cultural and religious life of the Arabs and the Jews and the process of negotiation was greatly affected by these factors. It is fundamental to make a reflective analysis of the history of negotiations and the role of international community at reaching a settlement in the Arab-Israeli conflict. A profound exploration of the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict indicates that the scope of negotiations has always been open in the conflict. As the people of the Middle East have been unsuccessful in establishing a stable and settled system of nation-states in the region, the assistance of the Great Powers of the world has often been sought for. The negotiation processes always incorporated non-violent CMTs, diplomacy, and force. "In the Arab-Israeli conflict, negotiations and nonviolent CMT are part of an overall strategy combining diplomacy and force. The combined use of diplomacy and force was the most common form of crisis regulation in the Arab-Israeli conflict." (Ben-Yehd and Sandler 2002, P. 65). There were significant attempts by the Great Powers of the world

Keith Haring Artwork and Inspiration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Keith Haring Artwork and Inspiration - Essay Example This essay stresses that the rights of persons may however be understood from the perspectives of natural or legal rights within the confines of local, national, regional as well as international frameworks. Merely all constitutions as well as human right conventions unanimously and universally support the supremacy of rights of persons. The constitutions often form the benchmark through which citizens and state interact and thus define the civil, political as well as protections of human rights. Moral values are basic constitutions of institutional management as well as the management of a country or society as provided for in the constitutions. However, the variance in the capacity to reason and make decisions on governance structures, legal regimes as wells as well as political frameworks by people makes the basis of the disparity that is observable between the choices that people do make. Moreover, there is the concern about the interconnectedness between the democratic regimes a s well as the system of governance from one country to another. This paper declares that authoritarian regimes on the other hand are defined as systems of governance where the institutional framework governing the people requires complete (blind) obedience to state laws as against governance by people’s freedoms. It therefore thrives in the structures of unquestioning obedience with the government or the ruling authority having absolute control over the people. For instance, totalitarianism as an example to such authoritarian regimes is a political ideology that is characterized by the government enforcing total control over all aspects of the lives

Self Reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Example for Free

Self Reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay â€Å"What I must do is all that concerns me, not what people think† (Emerson lines 30-31). Ralph Waldo Emerson was the transcendentalist leader in the 1830s which influenced his beliefs in his essay. He uses examples to compose the conclusion that people should follow their own instincts and be an individual. Emerson’s ideas on individualism and self trust in â€Å"Self- Reliance,† were influenced by religion and the rise of transcendentalism. Emerson was influenced by beliefs of different religions during the time of the 1830s. In his essay, Emerson states, â€Å"†¦if I am the Devil’s child, I will live then from the Devil† (Emerson line 26). Basically, he is saying that no matter what his values are, even if they are bad, he will not change them because that is who he is. Everyone should trust their own beliefs because that is what makes them the individual that they are. Emerson’s writing was influenced by religion, by not only believing in Gods views, but by believing in your own. Emerson himself writes â€Å"What have I to do with the sacredness of traditions, if I live wholly from within?† (Emerson lines 22-23). He is insisting that he doesn’t need God to know his own beliefs. If your religious views are different than other individuals, you should stay that way because that’s who you are. You should follow your innermost beliefs and not change just because others think differently than you do. Emerson believes that you don’t have to follow any religious traditions because you have your own customs within, which is being an individual. Ralph Waldo Emerson was influenced by transcendentalism, because at the time he led this movement. As the prominent writer Emerson puts it, â€Å"It is easy in the world to live after the world’s opinion; it is easy in solitude to live after our own; but the great man is he who in the midst of the crowd keeps within perfect sweetness the independence of solitude†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Emerson lines 35-38). In making this comment, Emerson argues that even when other people around you speak their thoughts, the thought of independence should be a constant. You cannot completely isolate yourself, but one should maintain ones own sense of independence while being immersed in a social setting. Individuals must find a balance between being dependent on others in a social sense, while maintaining their own sense of independence from the opinions of others. According to Emerson, â€Å"Whose would be a man, must be a  conformist† (Emerson line 15). In other words, he believes that if you only do what others do, you are not being who you’re supposed to be; you are being who others have determined you to be. Everyone should trust their own beliefs and not everyone else’s. This influences the theme by not conforming to society and the effects that they have upon individuals. Emerson’s ideas on individualism and self trust in â€Å"Self- Reliance,† were influenced by religion and the rise of transcendentalism. The transcendentalist leader, Ralph Waldo Emerson believed in the importance of individualism and to follow your own instincts. He shows the importance of being yourself and not conforming to society nor their beliefs. Everyone should be who you are and not change because of the different beliefs around you. Everyone is different and unique in their own way and that’s what makes us individuals.

Rhetoric In The Media Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many times we hear things through media and don’t actually listen to what they may say. When people hear something through mass media, they don’t realize that there is a person’s point of view stated in the story. And many times what people don’t see is that there is no such thing as an objective point of view. This is called Rhetoric; when someone states their point of view using words that either sway an audiences opinions one way or another. Rhetoric can be found in many places such as a T.V add or a commercial, magazine articles and advertisements, the news, and even radio commercials.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Watching the regular news as I frequently do, I always hear the way a reporter speaks about a topic and immediately I know the view that that particular reporter takes. This happens in many instances, but one time in particular caught my attention. A reporter was doing a story on vandalism. Usually you hear about vandalism on abortion clinics and harassment of that sort, and usually the reporter uses the words â€Å"Anti-abortionists† to describe the people who commit these crimes. One the other hand this time was different. The reporter was doing a story on vandalism that happened on a church billboard, outside the church, and the billboard said something having to do with pro-life and the choice that they believed in. Later that night there was a huge black question mark that was spray painted on that saying. The reporter desc... Rhetoric In The Media Essay -- essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many times we hear things through media and don’t actually listen to what they may say. When people hear something through mass media, they don’t realize that there is a person’s point of view stated in the story. And many times what people don’t see is that there is no such thing as an objective point of view. This is called Rhetoric; when someone states their point of view using words that either sway an audiences opinions one way or another. Rhetoric can be found in many places such as a T.V add or a commercial, magazine articles and advertisements, the news, and even radio commercials.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Watching the regular news as I frequently do, I always hear the way a reporter speaks about a topic and immediately I know the view that that particular reporter takes. This happens in many instances, but one time in particular caught my attention. A reporter was doing a story on vandalism. Usually you hear about vandalism on abortion clinics and harassment of that sort, and usually the reporter uses the words â€Å"Anti-abortionists† to describe the people who commit these crimes. One the other hand this time was different. The reporter was doing a story on vandalism that happened on a church billboard, outside the church, and the billboard said something having to do with pro-life and the choice that they believed in. Later that night there was a huge black question mark that was spray painted on that saying. The reporter desc...

Positive environments for children and young people Essay

Positive environment A positive environment is one that supports all aspects of the child’s development; staff members/carers can provide the children different ways to extend their developments. By doing activities and guiding the children through their learning, this creates a positive environment for them. Example: Reading and writing activities will help the child or young person’s cognitive and intellectual development. Singing and speaking to the children or young people will help further their communication and language development. Praising and positive responses will encourage good behaviour and will help them understand right from wrong. This will help extend the child or young person’s physical and intellectual development. In the nursery that I am training in we allow the children and young people to have access to outside and inside, we call this ‘free play’. We have some staff inside and some outside to supervise the children and young people. Inside: We will set out an activity for them on the tables and in the ‘role-play. These activities could be finger painting, gluing and sticking; each activity we do with the children and young people will cover all aspects of their developments. All of these activities are supervised by either a member of staff or a student to ensure they are behaving and that they are all safe. ’ We have a baby gate that’s blocking the children and young people from the kitchen area, where the adults (members of staff will prepare their food, this is to ensure their safety. Outside Children and young people will have sand and water activities outside. They also have a variety of toys and places to explore such as the ‘shed shop’ and the ‘outdoor kitchen’. The children and young people also play with the bikes and scooters, these will only be taken out by and adult/member of  staff. The garden itself is surrounded by a wooden fence that has a gate (fire exit), this gate has a high bolt that can be moved by a member of staff. For both inside and outside we ensure that all the children and young people are supervised and that their needs are met; nappy changing, nap time and their lunch/snack time. We also provide the children and young people with a cold compress if they have had a bump or fall; we have a first aid kit for any other injuries the children may get when doing an activity. Regulatory requirements that underpin a positive environment for children and young people Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) Framework All early year providers must ensure that children and young people’s educational and intellectual needs are met and that the child or young people develop well. Ensures children are kept healthy and safe Ensures that children have the knowledge and skills they need to start school EYFS ensures that every child or young person makes good progress and no child gets left behind Learning and development opportunities which are planned around the needs and interests of each individual child and are assessed and reviewed regularly Partnership working between practitioners and with parents and/or carers Childcare Act 2006 Reduce child poverty: To support parents and carers to work, and focus on the provision of good quality childcare for working parents or adults. Reduce inequalities between young children: Focus on supporting children most at risk of poor outcomes because of deprivation and disadvantage and promote social mobility. Improve wellbeing for young people and children HSWA (the health & safety at work act 1974) Securing the health, safety and welfare of persons at work; Protecting persons, other than persons at work, against risks to health or safety arising out of or in connection with the activities of persons at work; Controlling of highly flammable or otherwise dangerous substances, stored correctly or locked away to prevent any harm or danger to any persons Cleaning and ensuring the work equipment is in working order and that instructions, training or supervision is given if needed Providing protective clothing or equipment if risks cannot be removed but can be prevented Report certain accidents, injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences Care Standards Act 2006 People running day-care services for children up to eight years old must register with Ofsted Early Years (Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills) Regular inspections must be carried out to ensure that the childcare setting is both safe and suitable for all young people and or those that are vulnerable In a childcare setting there must be an activity plan for all children and young people to ensure their educational needs and to help extend all their developments Safeguarding and welfare requirements Protection to all child and young persons Data protection Qualified staff, Training, Support and Skills Safety and Suitability of Premises, Environment and Equipment Confidentiality Staff Record Sheet Complaints Procedure Registration Form Safeguarding Children Policy Safeguarding Children Procedure Social Networking Policy Partnership with Parents Policy Settling In/Child Induction Policy Accident Record Form Recruitment Policy & Procedure Staff Employment Contract First Aid Box Guidance References Contribute to the Support of Positive Environments for Children and Young By lillie94 | March 2012 People http://www.studymode.com/essays/Contribute-To-The-Support-Of-Positive-944399.html How is Childcare Regulated? Page last updated: 11 September 2013 http://www.tameside.gov.uk/surestart/childcare/regulations#reg gov.uk Built by the Government Digital Service https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ofsted

Computers in education Essay

Computers have rapidly become one of the most vital parts of our civilization today. Computerized applications have set no limits in technological innovations. As a result, the human history has drastically changed since the revolutionary invention of computer. In December 1943, the first electric programmable computer, the Colossus, was introduced. Since then, computers not only have propelled innumerate industries to unquestionable success, but also created new industry like Information Technology. Computer-based instruction is becoming more prevalent in secondary education in the United States. Using computers to deliver instruction can help to correct inequities in educational opportunities that exist due to race/ethnicity, budget constraints, geographical location, income, school size, and substandard teaching (Carroll, 2000). There is no doubt that most up-to-date technological features cannot be fully appreciated, if future generations do not adapt and learn the technology. Future generation’s early adaptation in use of computers is extremely essential for further progress of technology; the computer’s constant technological advancements provide more extensive learning resources through multi web referencing tools and enhance students’ understanding by user friendly integrated programs. As of the traditional teaching process, using blackboard to present materials has been time consuming. Especially when the teacher’s back obscures what is being written on the blackboard, lack of attention from students automatically increase. Arguably, excessive usage of the blackboard in teaching limits the way of conveying materials in creative manner. For example, writing on a blackboard provides an inflexible presentation with few colors and styles, as well as difficulties in displaying pictures or multimedia content. On the other hand, â€Å"with the right software, they could help make science tangible or teach neglected topics like art and music. They help students form a concrete idea of society by displaying onscreen version of the city which they live.† (Gelernter 278) Another disadvantage of using a blackboard is that once the information written on the board is erased, it cannot be reproduced, or interchanged. Consequently, students have to make notes or copy the material from the blackboard, all of which is inconvenient (Apperson, Laws, & Scepansky, 2008). By implementing computers in classrooms, class times lost in taking notes will be allocated more efficiently, and perhaps, portions of saved class times can be utilized for other small educational activities. According to William R. Thomas, Director of Educational Technology for the Southern Regional Education Board, â€Å"virtual high schooling is no longer a marginal educational activity. It is rapidly becoming a mainstream component of secondary education in the United States. For example, there are now over 19,000 virtual high school students in the state of Florida. In 1998 there were fewer than 1,000.† The study vividly shows the positive impact that computer implementation had on virtual schooling over the last decade. The main factor for such success was largely due to students’ access to the internet. Physically handicapped students and temporarily disabled students now have the benefit of utilizing online education for their convenience. The Internet has â€Å"won† the technology struggle for primacy in education (Carroll, 2000). The Internet alone has completely altered the way in which students research information, facilitated distance education, and led to an increase in the spread of ideas (Diodato, 2007). World-widely shared information database has brought abundant educational resources to students. Computers in education can unload heavily burdened shoulders of college students, using the recent tablet technology. Students for instance Apple’s Cyber-safety is defined as the safe and responsible use of information and communication technologies (Balfour, 2005; Beach, 2007), including protection against unsolicited marketing and advertising (Frechette, 2005). Cyber-safety teaches children about the positive and negative aspects of ICT (Livingstone & Haddon, 2009), safeguarding against individuals who operate websites, attempt to contact children online, or to organize unsupervised meetings in person with children (Grey, 77). Cyber-safety education also involves guidance on cyber-ethics to form a responsible attitude to the use of ICT (Berson & Berson, 2004). Educating young children about cyber-safety is complicated, as young children often do not understand the social and technical complexity of the internet (Yan, 2006). Child protection programs are successful if children’s developmental level and cognitive abilities are considered, if abstract terms are avoided, and clear rules are repeated often so children retain the information (Sanderson, 2004) â€Å"Mobile technology customizes the learning experience to better fit students’ preferred mode, media, and pace of learning. It helps students connect with courses, content, and each other. It helps share insight on academic progress between teachers, students, and parents, and allows students to create content for assignments directly from devices and more.† (Etter, 2011) Technological literate people would possess knowledge, ways of thinking and acting, and capabilities that assist them as they interact with the technology found in their environments (Pearson & Young, 2002). Works Cited Apperson, J. M., Laws, E. L., & Scepansky, J. A. (2008). An assessment of studentpreferences for PowerPoint presentation structure in undergraduate courses. Computers & Education, 50(1), 148–153 Blaylock, T. Hendon, and Joseph W. Newman. â€Å"The impact of computer-based secondaryeducation.† Education 125.3 (2005): 373+. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 12 Mar. 2012. Balfour, C. (2005). A journey of social change: Turning government digital strategy into cybersafe local school practice. Paper presented at the Safety & Security in a Networked World: Balancing Cyber-rights & Responsibilities conference, Oxford, UK Beach, R. (2007). New Zealand’s first steps to cybersafety. Paper presented at the Early Childhood Convention, Rotorua, NZ Carroll, T.G. (2000). If we didn’t have the schools we have today, would we create theschools we have today? Contemporary Issues in Technology and Teacher Education, 1(1), 117-140. Diodato, Michael. â€Å"Innovative age: technology for education in the developing world.†Harvard International Review 28.4 (2007): 38+. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 12 Mar. 2012. Etter, Ryan. â€Å"VISIONS OF MOBILE LEARNING. (Cover Story).† T H E Journal 38.9 (2011): 28-34. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Mar. 2012. Frechette, J. (2005). Cyber-democracy or cyber-hegemony? Exploring the political and economic structures of the internet as an alternative source of information. Library Trends, 53(4), pp. 555-575 Gelernter, David. â€Å"Unplugged: The Myth of Computers in the Classroom†. The McGraw-Hill Reader 11th edi. Ed.Gilbert Muller. New York: McGraw Hill, 2011. 278-280 Grey, Anne. â€Å"Cybersafety In Early Childhood Education.† Australasian Journal Of Early Childhood 36.2 (2011): 77-81. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Mar. 2012 Livingstone, S., & Haddon, L. (2009). EU Kids Online: Final report. LSE, London: EUKids Online (EC Safer Internet Plus Programme Deliverable D6.5) Pearson, G., & Young, A.T. (2002). Technically speaking: Why all Americans need to know more about technology. Washington, DC: National Academies Press Sanderson, J. (2004). Child-focused sexual abuse prevention programs: How effective are they in preventing child abuse? Research & Issues Paper Series, 5, June 2004 Yan, Z. (2006). What influences children’s and adolescents’ understanding of the complexity of the internet? Developmental Psychology, 42(3), pp. 418–428.

Multilingual Create a Secondary Language Profile on LinkedIn

Multilingual Create a Secondary Language Profile on LinkedIn In July 2013, I wrote an article about how to write a secondary language profile on LinkedIn. I have never received as many comments on LinkedIn as I did on that article. Since the LinkedIn is always changing, and the information in that article is now out of date, I’m offering this useful update for any bilingual or multilingual LinkedIn users out there who want to have a profile in a second language. The general rule on LinkedIn is that you may only have one profile; having multiple profiles is a violation of the Terms of Service that could get you booted off the site. However, there is one exception to that rule: the Secondary Language Profile. As of October 2018, 70% of LinkedIn members are located outside of the US. Because such a large portion of users are multilingual and interested in connecting with people both inside and outside of English-speaking countries, LinkedIn allows users to set up additional LinkedIn profiles that cater to secondary languages. LinkedIn supports the following languages as of October 2018: English, Arabic, Bahasa Indonesia, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Czech, Danish, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Malay, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Tagalog, Thai, Turkish NOTE: You cannot change the default language of your profile once youve set it up in a particular language. Its recommended that you set up a secondary language profile instead. Creating a Profile in Another Language To create a profile in another language, go to your Profile page and in the upper right corner, select Add profile in another language: Then choose your language from the drop-down menu: Youll also want to update your name and Headline before clicking Create Profile. Editing Your Secondary Language Profile As stated above, LinkedIn does not translate your content for you, so now youll need to edit your secondary language profile. To do so, go to new language profile by selecting it from the upper right corner: Once you are viewing your secondary language profile, you can edit the Summary, Experience, and Education sections as you normally would. When you click the pencil icon to edit one of these sections, youll see that LinkedIn provides a snapshot of your primary profile to help you: Can I Edit My Skills Endorsements or Recommendations? Your Skills and Endorsements cant be edited and will only appear in the language of your primary profile. Recommendations will also only show in the language in which they were written. How Members Will See Your Secondary Language Profile on LinkedIn When a member signs in to LinkedIn and views your profile, they will see it in the language of your primary account; or, if you have multiple profiles in several languages, viewers will see the one most relevant to them. The viewer has the ability to choose from your language profiles by selecting one from the upper right corner of your profile. All of your language profiles will show up in search engines and have their own URL that includes /?locale= and the code for that language. For instance, a profile in French would appear as https://www.linkedin.com/in/yourname/?local=fr_FR. Deleting a Secondary Language Profile If you no longer want your secondary language profile, you can delete it by selecting the language from your drop-down list and clicking the x. If you are looking to attract a multilingual audience, don’t miss creating a secondary language profile on LinkedIn. And if you have other topics you want me to address, please don’t hesitate to ask. I’m here to serve you! You can find information like this and much more in my book, How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile. Get unlimited lifetime PDF updates when you purchase in print or PDF format. Need help crafting KILLER content for your profile? Check out my LinkedIn profile writing services or start with my 20-minute live LinkedIn profile review and well go from there!

Good News Club v. Milford Central School (1998)

Good News Club v. Milford Central School (1998) Can the government make public facilities available for non-religious groups while excluding religious groups - or at least those religious groups which want to use the facilities to evangelize, especially among young children? Fast Facts: Good News Club v. Milford Central School Case Argued: February 28, 2001Decision Issued:Â  June 11, 2001Petitioner: Good News ClubRespondent:Â   Milford Central SchoolKey Question: By excluding the Good News Club from meeting after hours at the school, did Milford Central School violate the First Amendment right to free speech, and if a violation did occur, was it justified by the district’s concern the Clubs activities might violate the Establishment Clause?Majority Decision: Justices Thomas, Rehnquist, Kennedy, Breyer, Scalia, and O’ConnorDissenting: Justices Stevens, Souter, and GinsburgRuling: The school district’s restriction did violate the Clubs free speech rights, and that no Establishment Clause concerns could justify such a violation. Background Information In August of 1992, the Milford Central School District adopted a policy allowing district residents to use school facilities for holding social, civic and recreational meetings and entertainment events and other uses pertaining to the welfare of the community, provided that such uses shall be nonexclusive and shall be open to the general public, and otherwise conformed to state laws. The policy expressly prohibited the use of school facilities for religious purposes and required that applicants certify that their proposed use complies with the policy: School premises shall not be used by any individual or organization for religious purposes. Those individuals and/or organizations wishing to use school facilities and/or grounds under this policy shall indicate on a Certificate Regarding Use of School Premises form provided by the District that any intended use of school premises is in accordance with this policy. The Good News Club is a community-based Christian youth organization open to children between the ages of six and twelve. The purported purpose of the Club is to instruct children in moral values from a Christian perspective. It is affiliated with an organization known as Child Evangelism Fellowship, which is dedicated to converting even the youngest children to their brand of conservative Christianity. The local Good News chapter in Milford requested use of school facilities for meetings, but was denied. After they appealed and requested a review, Superintendent McGruder and counsel determined that... ...the kinds of activities proposed to be engaged in by the Good News Club are not a discussion of secular subjects such as child rearing, development of character and development of morals from a religious perspective, but were in fact the equivalent of religious instruction itself. Court Decision The Second District Court upheld the schools refusal to allow the club to meet. The Good News Clubs sole argument was that the First Amendment dictates that the Club cannot constitutionally be excluded from use of the Milford Central School facilities. The Court, however, found in both law and precedence that restrictions on speech in a limited public forum will withstand First Amendment challenge if they are reasonable and viewpoint neutral. According to the Club, it was unreasonable for the school to argue that anyone might be confused to think that their presence and mission were endorsed by the school itself, but the Court rejected this argument, stating: In Bronx Household of Faith, we stated that it is a proper state function to decide the extent to which church and school should be separated in the context of the use of school premises. ...The activities of the Club clearly and intentionally communicate Christian beliefs by teaching and by prayer, and we think it eminently reasonable that the Milford school would not want to communicate to students of other faiths that they were less welcome than students who adhere to the Clubs teachings. This is especially so in view of the fact that those who attend the school are young and impressionable. As to the question of viewpoint neutrality, the Court rejected the argument that the Club was simply presenting moral instruction from a Christian viewpoint and that it should therefore be treated like others clubs which present moral instruction from other viewpoints. The Club offered examples of such organizations which are allowed to meet: Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, and 4-H, but the Court did not agree that the groups were sufficiently similar. According to the Courts judgement, the activities of the Good News Club did not involve merely a religious perspective on the secular subject of morality. Instead, the Club meetings offered children an opportunity to pray with adults, to recite biblical verse, and to declare themselves saved. The Club argued that these practices were necessary because its viewpoint is that a relationship with God is necessary to make moral values meaningful. But, even if this were accepted, it was clear from the conduct of the meetings that the Good News Club went far beyond merely stating its viewpoint. On the contrary, the Club focused on teaching children how to cultivate their relationship with God through Jesus Christ: Under even the most restrictive and archaic definitions of religion, such subject matter is quintessentially religious. The Supreme Court reversed the above decision, finding that by allowing any other groups to meet at the same time, the school created a limited public forum. Because of this, the school is not permitted to exclude certain groups based upon their content or viewpoints: When Milford denied the Good News Club access to the schools limited public forum on the ground that the club was religious in nature, it discriminated against the club because of its religious viewpoint in violation of the free-speech clause of the First Amendment. Significance The Supreme Courts decision in this case ensured that when a school opens its doors to student and community groups, those doors must remain open even when those groups are religious in nature and that the government will not discriminate against religion. However, the Court provided no guidance to help school administrators in ensuring that students do not feel pressured to join religious groups and that students do not get the impression that religious groups are somehow endorsed by the state. The schools original decision to ask such a group to meet later seems, in light of that genuine interest, a reasonable precaution.

Business Strategic Management Executive Summary Essay

Business Strategic Management Executive Summary - Essay Example The inclusion of A. C. Markkula brought in the required funds to the company as he was a retired professional with experience of working at Intel. Steve Jobs, the visionary of the three, dreamt about making a computer that is immensely user – friendly and therefore having considerable success with Apple – I, the company focused on Apple – II. But as IBM entered the market of manufacturing computers, the sales revenue and net profit of Apple Computers took a major hit and Steve Jobs was removed from the operational role. In order to replace Steve Jobs, the company banked upon John Sculley as the new CEO, who had a successful stint with Pepsi. Sculley initiated number of major decisions which included cooperative ventures with arch – rivals IBM. The Macintosh computers manufactured by Apple Computers continued to be the major revenue earner for the company. Sculley also decided to outsource some of its operations so that cost could be curtailed. But the efforts were not enough to ensure profitability of Apple Computers and the company faced 34% gross loss. Sculley was ‘promoted’ to be the Chairman by the board while Spindler replaced him as the CEO in the year 1991. Spindler cancelled many of the projects initiated by his predecessors and focused on capturing the international markets. Also, he attacked cost and curtailed research expenses too. Such a measure proved to be fatal for the company in due course of time and he had to resign with $ 69 million loss in 1996. Spindler was succeeded by a director of the board, George Amelio. Amelio cancelled the project of developing next generation Mac operating system. He tried to bring back the company on premium pricing model and acquired NeXT, a Steve Jobs company. Jobs joined Apple Computers again as an advisor and when in the year of 1997, the market share of Apple Computers reduced from 6% to 3%, Amelio was shown the door and Steve Jobs, the founder was made the interim CEO. Being at the helm,

Starbucks and Foreign Exchange Rate Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Starbucks and Foreign Exchange Rate Risk - Essay Example During its first years in the Philippines, one dollar is equivalent to fifty pesos. Thus, a cup of coffee has priced at around Php150. This pricing has barely changed through the years. Starbucks have continuously opened stores in the country especially when the business processing industry boomed making specialty coffee shops really popular. Though the Philippine operation is just small in comparison to the whole system of Starbucks in the world, it does contribute to the company's sales and profits. Since prices are denominated in Philippine pesos, the end of year revenues is converted into US dollar at the prevailing exchange rate which has important implications for the company. During 2005, the Philippine peso has steadily depreciated reaching Php55/US$1 (BSP 2008). So, for instance, if Starbucks revenue is Ps5.5 million, it can be converted into $100,000 during the period. However, recently the currency has been strengthened through the continuous inflow of remittances from Filipinos working abroad who are supporting their families in the Philippines. Thus, the exchange rate appreciated to Php45/US$1 (BSP 2008). In this situation, the Php5.5 million income can now be converted into US$122,222 higher than when the peso is weaker. This illustration just summarizes the exchange rate risks faced by a multinational business organization in operating in other countr

The Role of Culture, Rights, and Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Role of Culture, Rights, and Justice - Essay Example Nevertheless, it becomes clear that the requirement for the formation of government is a certain form of collective ideology or shared values, and the existence of such facilitates the formation of states in the local domain and its nonexistence prevents that same formation in the global arena. It is impossible to build a ‘world state’ if there is ‘no community willing and able to support it’ (Gienow-Hecht & Schumacher 2004, 28). Likewise, for liberal theorists, the international arena is distinguished by â€Å"competing codes, rival philosophical traditions, clashing conceptions of morality† (Gienow-Hecht & Schumacher 2004, 28), or â€Å"the absence of what might be called an international sense of community† (p. 28). At this point, culture is undoubtedly an essential part of the transformation of the international system. But for a long time, culture did not serve a clear function in international relations theories. Instead of exploring the interaction between cultures and the states of conflict, theories are rooted in another plane underneath culture, that is, the nature of human beings. The subject matter of human nature is characterised by homogeneity, not diversity as in the case of culture (Harrison 2004). In the meantime, for liberal theorists, moral codes for the behaviour of the political sphere of the international arena may be based on a theoretical state of nature; they could be described in relation to individuals’ natural rights (Brown et al. 2004). Hence, according to Wendt (1999).

Implementation of a Remote Access Water Laboratory

Implementation of a Remote Access Water Laboratory   Introduction As information and communication technologies rapidly advance, so too does the spectrum of resource used in the field of education. One such resource is the use of online learning material and remote access laboratories for distance learning courses. One of the hallmarks of a distance learning course is the separation of teacher and learner in space and/or time, allowing the learner self-paced study at convenient times, and locations [1], [2]. Since its inception, distance learning has become a powerful tool for students in pursuit of education [4]. Context of Project The Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology (CREST) at Loughborough University is the largest and leading sustainable energy research centre in the UK, it has overseen the research and development of the most progressive renewable energy technologies [6]. The centre was the first in the UK to offer a postgraduate degree programme in the field of renewable energy systems technology, along with its innovative distance learning adaptation [6]. Laboratory exercises play a critical role in the education of science and engineering [11], it is important for effective distance learning courses to provide a hands-on laboratory experience [12]. Due to the influence of information, communication and computational technologies; remote labs are considered one of the five major shifts in engineering education over the past 100 years they have the capacity to provide a hands-on experience for distance learning students with significant advantages in accessibility, availability and safety [20], [21]. Problem Statement Figure 1-1 outlines the scope of the project. Water power has been exploited by human beings for many centuries; early water wheels driven by rivers or tides were used to grind wheat or drive machinery. As technologies matured and with the advent of electricity, water wheels had become water turbines designed to generate electricity from the energy stored within the water resource [8]. Over 70% of the earths surface is covered by water, with such a vast resource potential the importance of studying water turbines becomes apparent [9]. The current distance learning laboratory assessment for the Water Power module suggests the use of a simulation software to model a water turbine under different conditions; this is not sufficient for understanding the physical behaviour of the turbine as simulation labs can only produce preprogrammed results [4]. A remote lab utilises a software that allows students to gain experimental data using real instruments set in a lab on-campus using only a PC with the aid of the internet [7]. For distance learning students to gain a truer understanding of water turbine behaviour, it is proposed that the on-campus laboratory be modified for use as a remote lab. Aims and Objectives The aim of this project is to design a system that can be used in conjunction with the on-campus axial water turbine instrumentation, allowing remote access and control of the lab for distance learning students. The main objectives to facilitate this aim are outlined below: Identify the dynamic, controllable elements of the on-campus laboratory instrumentation. Design and build a system by which the dynamic elements can be controlled. Implement a method by which this system can be remotely accessed through the Learn server. Integrate the system with the current software used for the laboratory. Literature Review Remote Laboratories Introduction For 20 years remote access laboratories have been used in science and engineering education though they have since greatly impacted pedagogy in these fields, their potential in support of distance learning courses and the student autonomous learning experience has yet to be fully realised [10], [11], [15], [16]. Definition It can be difficult to assert what remote laboratories encompass as definitions provided in the literature are at times inconsistent [10]. A clear definition of remote laboratories will be established in the context of this project in order to avoid ambiguity. A remote laboratory is the framework that enables students to carry out a laboratory experiment, using real instruments, through the medium of the internet; eliminating the time and space constraints imposed by hands-on laboratories [14], [17]. Building Blocks There are four critical building blocks that form the foundations of a remote laboratory these must be well understood in order to achieve the desired aim [12]: Scheduling: Distance learning courses necessitate the flexibility of allowing students to decide when the can fit labs into their schedule. Remote-Access: It is necessary that the students can make a secure connection to the lab environment The Operating Environment: It is essential that the user interface of the system is easy to use and understand. Laboratory Assignment: The student must realise the aim of the lab and subsequently make the connection between theory and application. In Distance Learning Remote laboratories offer a very high level of flexibility, with access usually 24 hours a day, 7 days a week; meeting the needs of distance learning courses [10].   According to certain studies; remote labs have been as effective and had a comparable impact on students to hands-on labs [26]. Remote laboratories are not free of short comings; they require space, devices, and maintenance at times even greater than hands-on laboratories [13]. They are also designed as single-user applications; this removes the elements of interaction that hands-on laboratories offer. Other Laboratory Methods Simulated Laboratories Simulated laboratories; usually justified by their cost effectiveness and spatial advantages, have been shown to inspire cognitive thinking by allowing students greater freedom to explore and experiment [18], [19], [23], [24]. This however comes with its disadvantages; simulated laboratories are usually designed as single-user applications, subsequently isolating the students. Simulated laboratories are shown to not be equal in their standard across institutions [22]. Though they serve well in some cases; they are not an adequate substitute for hands-on laboratories, as they do not provide the range of possibilities produced when manipulating physical matter the results produced are preprogrammed [4]. Hands-on Laboratories Hands-on Laboratories have been shown to be a corner stone in engineering education as engineering students identify themselves as being essentially practical [25]. The results gathered from conducting a hands-on experiment provide natural results, and in this regard are far superior to those of simulated laboratories. Though the benefits of hands-on laboratory experiments are clear; disadvantages are also present. Laboratory management can be expensive, equipment requires regular maintenance and qualified staff are needed to supervise experiments [13]. The constraints of accessibility and availability render hands-on laboratory sessions impractical for distance learning students [20]. Conclusions Remote laboratories utilise software allowing students to gain experimental data using real instruments set in a lab on-campus using only a PC with the aid of the internet [7]. This allows the students to gain practical results from experimentation, eliminating the disadvantages of simulated labs while retaining its advantages. Proposed Methodology Figure 3-1 represents the overall approach that will be taken for this project. Figure 3-1 Overview of Methodology for Project Proposed Deliverables The final deliverable will be in the form of a completed system having integrated both hardware and software and having met the following requirements as shown in Table 4-1. Table 4-1 Requirements for System # Requirements Explanation 1 Easy to Use The system must be easy to access through the Learn server with an intuitive, and simplistic user interface. This allows the student to interact with the software without any great difficulty. 2 Easy to Maintain The system should have easy access points in case of failure parts should be replaceable. 3 Durable The system should have a high finish with sufficient build quality to last several years. 4 Reliable The system should have minimal components and moving parts, this reduces the chance of failure of the system as a whole. Projected Resource Requirements The projected resource requirements are shown in Table 5-1 below. Table 5-1 Projected Resource Requirements Hardware Requirements Software Requirements Technical Expertise MyRIO Hardware Package LabVIEW Electronics Understanding Electric Motors AutoCAD LabVIEW Competency Exterior Machined Parts Engineering Workshop Cost: The maximum cost of the hardware is expected to be in the region of  £600. Software should incur not cost. The maximum cost of machining of parts is expected to be in the region of  £400 Total maximum cost will approximate  £1000. References Perraton H. A theory for distance education. Prospects. 1981 Mar;11(1):13-24. Perreault H, Waldman L, Alexander M, Zhao J. Overcoming barriers to successful delivery of distance-learning courses. Journal of Education for Business. 2002 Jul;77(6):313-8. Cropley AJ, Kahl TN. Distance education and distance learning: Some psychological considerations. Distance Education. 1983 Mar;4(1):27-39. Hamza MK, Alhalabi B, Hsu S, Larrondo-Petrie MM, Marcovitz DM. Remote labs. Computers in the Schools. 2002 Dec;19(3-4):171-90. Feisel, L.D. and Rosa, A.J. (2005) The role of the laboratory in undergraduate engineering education, Journal of Engineering Education, 94(1), pp. 121-130. doi: 10.1002/j.2168-9830.2005.tb00833.x. Loughborough. Loughborough University. [place unknown: publisher unknown]. Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology [cited 2017 Feb 21]. Available from:. Sancristobal E, Castro M, Martin S, Tawkif M. Remote Labs as Learning Services in the Educational Arena. Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). 2011. Duckers L, Watson S. Water Power 1. 1st ed. Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology: Loughborough University; [date unknown]. Oceanic N, Administration A. [place unknown: publisher unknown]. How much water is in the ocean?; 2013 Jun 1 [cited 2017 Feb 22]. Available from: http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/oceanwater.html. Gomes L, Bogosyan S. Current trends in remote laboratories. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2009 Dec;56(12):4744-56. Cooper M, Ferreira JMM. Remote laboratories extending access to science and engineering curricular. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies. 2009 Oct;2(4):342-53. Rigby S, Dark M. Designing a Flexible, Multipurpose Remote Lab for the IT Curriculum. Proceeding SIGITE 06 Proceedings of the 7th conference on Information technology education. 2006 Oct 19:161-4. Bochicchio MA, Longo A. Hands-on remote labs: Collaborative web laboratories as a case study for IT engineering classes. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies. 2009 Oct;2(4):320-30. Hua J, Ganz A. Web enabled remote laboratory (r-lab) framework. InFRONTIERS IN EDUCATION CONFERENCE 2003 Nov 5 (Vol. 1, pp. T2C-8). STIPES. Gravier C, Fayolle J, Bayard B, Ates M, Lardon J. State of the art about remote laboratories paradigms-foundations of ongoing mutations. International Journal of Online Engineering. 2008 Feb 18;4(1):http-www. Trevelyan J. Lessons learned from 10 years experience with remote laboratories. InInternational Conference on Engineering Education and Research 2004 Jun 27 (Vol. 11, p. 2007). Garcà ­a-Zubà ­a J, Là ³pez-de-Ipià ±a D, Orduà ±a P. Evolving towards better architectures for remote laboratories: a practical case. International Journal of Online Engineering, Special Issue REV. 2005 Nov 8. Corter JE, Esche SK, Chassapis C, Ma J, Nickerson JV. Process and learning outcomes from remotely-operated, simulated, and hands-on student laboratories. Computers Education. 2011 Nov 30;57(3):2054-67. Balamuralithara B, Woods PC. Virtual laboratories in engineering education: The simulation lab and remote lab. Computer Applications in Engineering Education. 2009 Mar 1;17(1):108-18. Marques MA, Viegas MC, Costa-Lobo MC, Fidalgo AV, Alves GR, Rocha JS, Gustavsson I. How remote labs impact on course outcomes: Various practices using VISIR. IEEE Transactions on Education. 2014 Aug;57(3):151-9. Froyd JE, Wankat PC, Smith KA. Five major shifts in 100 years of engineering education. Proceedings of the IEEE. 2012 May;100(Special Centennial Issue):1344-60. Budhu M. Virtual laboratories for engineering education. InInternational Conference on Engineering Education 2002 Aug 18 (pp. 12-18). Manchester, UK. Pyatt K, Sims R. Learner performance and attitudes in traditional versus simulated laboratory experiences. ICT: Providing choices for learners and learning. Proceedings ascilite Singapore. 2007 Sep:870-9. Powell RM, Anderson H, Van der Spiegel J, Pope DP. Using webà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based technology in laboratory instruction to reduce costs. Computer Applications in Engineering Education. 2002 Jan 1;10(4):204-14. Edward NS. The role of laboratory work in engineering education: student and staff perceptions. International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education. 2002 Jan;39(1):11-9. Corter JE, Nickerson JV, Esche SK, Chassapis C. Remote versus hands-on labs: A comparative study. InFrontiers in Education, 2004. FIE 2004. 34th Annual 2004 Oct 20 (pp. F1G-17). IEEE.

King Lear :: essays research papers

King Lear Essay Shakespeare has written dozens of plays and in each one he has included some of the most complex characters ever put on stage. Hamlet, Othello, and Macbeth are just a few examples of these great characters that will always remain in our memories. However, standing beside the complex main characters in plays such as King Lear and Hamlet, there are secondary characters of equal, if not greater complexity. In King Lear, secondary characters such as Edmund, Edgar, and Cordelia are directly responsible many of the extreme changes that occur during the play and it is their complexity as human characters that allows them to do this. The many antagonists that have appeared in Shakespeare’s plays have always been fairly rounded and complex. However, Edmund is one of the most complex villains in any of Shakespeare’s plays. For one thing, Edmund chose to become a villain because the world sees him as being worthless, not only because he is not in line for the title of Earl of Gloucester, but also because he is a bastard. Most villains in Shakespeare’s plays are villains from the beginning to the end. Edmund sees himself as an equal to his brother Edgar and wishes that his father also understand this. By plotting against the livelihood against his own father and brother, Edgar not only wishes to gain the wealth and title that come with the Earl of Gloucester, but he also seeks respect. Shakespeare has given Edmund a method behind his madness. As the play progresses, Edmund sees the kingdom collapsing and instead of helping to put in back together, as Cordelia, Edgar, and Kent are doing, he tries to consolidate power into his own hands. After Cornwall dies, he takes command of the armies and defeats the French invading army. He has illicit affairs with Regan and Goneril, who are married. The result of these affairs causes the two sisters to become overwhelming jealous, and in the end, we find out that Regan poisoned Goneril in order to have Edmund to herself. If Edmund had not been killed in the end, he would have taken power and ruled the kingdom. However, Edgar does kill him after realizing that it was he who caused the death of his father. We see the greatest complexity in Edgar before he dies before when he proclaims â€Å"The wheel comes full circle; L am here. King Lear :: essays research papers King Lear Essay Shakespeare has written dozens of plays and in each one he has included some of the most complex characters ever put on stage. Hamlet, Othello, and Macbeth are just a few examples of these great characters that will always remain in our memories. However, standing beside the complex main characters in plays such as King Lear and Hamlet, there are secondary characters of equal, if not greater complexity. In King Lear, secondary characters such as Edmund, Edgar, and Cordelia are directly responsible many of the extreme changes that occur during the play and it is their complexity as human characters that allows them to do this. The many antagonists that have appeared in Shakespeare’s plays have always been fairly rounded and complex. However, Edmund is one of the most complex villains in any of Shakespeare’s plays. For one thing, Edmund chose to become a villain because the world sees him as being worthless, not only because he is not in line for the title of Earl of Gloucester, but also because he is a bastard. Most villains in Shakespeare’s plays are villains from the beginning to the end. Edmund sees himself as an equal to his brother Edgar and wishes that his father also understand this. By plotting against the livelihood against his own father and brother, Edgar not only wishes to gain the wealth and title that come with the Earl of Gloucester, but he also seeks respect. Shakespeare has given Edmund a method behind his madness. As the play progresses, Edmund sees the kingdom collapsing and instead of helping to put in back together, as Cordelia, Edgar, and Kent are doing, he tries to consolidate power into his own hands. After Cornwall dies, he takes command of the armies and defeats the French invading army. He has illicit affairs with Regan and Goneril, who are married. The result of these affairs causes the two sisters to become overwhelming jealous, and in the end, we find out that Regan poisoned Goneril in order to have Edmund to herself. If Edmund had not been killed in the end, he would have taken power and ruled the kingdom. However, Edgar does kill him after realizing that it was he who caused the death of his father. We see the greatest complexity in Edgar before he dies before when he proclaims â€Å"The wheel comes full circle; L am here.

Evaluation of Cardiovascular and related Health Interventions in the Uk

Abstract This research proposal focuses on the healthcare initiatives in the UK pertaining to cardiovascular and related diseases. Using journal articles and government reports as secondary sources and comprehensive questionnaire based interviews and direct telephonic surveys as the primary input, the study aims to evaluate the preventive health programs to ascertain their effectiveness. These results would serve to help in adapting polices suitably so that the ideology of preventive care could be translated into a pragmatically feasible approach. Introduction The National Health Service has transformed phenomenally over the last two decades and the UK government has been at the forefront of health policies driven with a preventive focus. Cardiovascular diseases are still the number one killers in the UK. (BHF, 2010) The rapidly aging national population is set to cause a severe burden in terms of allocation of funds and quality of treatment delivery in the coming years. Let alone the burden of caring for an aged population, the general health level of the working age population is also on a decline. Around 2.6 million people are already on the government incapacity benefits while every year almost 600000 people are claiming these benefits. The costs of health related absence from work in the UK is estimated at a staggering ?100 billion which is equal to the entire annual costs of the NHS. [DH, 2008] There is a pressing need and a sense of urgency to plan for the management of this growing burden. This study aims to examine some of these health care initiatives and policies aimed at preventing cardiovascular and related diseases and evaluate their effectiveness. The government has created lot of independent bodies that check the progress of these health initiatives and assess their health impacts. This study will include a literature review of both local and nationwide preventive interventions. Academics and research workers would be consulted to get their perspectives of these programs and their evaluation. The objective of the study is to assess the effectiveness of these interventions and the evaluation procedures in order to provide a strategic focus for the future. Literature ReviewWhy the need for a Preventive Focus on Health programs?There is an overwhelming burden on the NHS to deliver quality healthcare when there are severe financial constrains. There is an urgent need to shift from ideology to pragmatism. New health perspectives are called for. Prevention is better than cure and the financial benefits of a preventive approach are dearly welcome for the cash constrained NHS. One of the significant achievements from a nationwide strategic preventive health program is the National Service Framework initiated program for cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment in 2002. Within 2 years of the implementation of this nationwide initiative a significant decline in cardiovascular mortality rates (40%) among the population aged below 75 years was reported. It is estimated that the Preventive drive from NSF saved around 22,000 lives in 2007. (DH, 2007) Life style disorders and physical inactivity have contributed to a significant rise in Obesity, diabetes and other health risk factors for cardiac diseases. (Allender et.al, 2007) In a recent health survey of England, acceptable physical activity levels were reported at 39% and 29% for men and women respectively. Accelerometry data however, revealed a very low percentage of men and women (6% and 4%) met the recommended activity levels. (BHF, 2010)There is an urgent focus on increasing physical activity (Walk to Work Program) as an effective method to counter the obesity epidemic and its cardiac complications. The anti smoking campaigns and the ‘NHS Diabetes’ programs are aimed at mitigating the risk factors for cardiac diseases. The most recent initiative is the Destination 2020 project, which is aimed at improving the awareness of the public in recognizing the commonalities between cardiovascular diseases and related disorders. This project calls for a cardiovascular c oalition (CVC) to put a practically effective and comprehensive preventive approach against heart diseases. (BHF, 2009)Evaluation of Preventive Health ProgramsAs mentioned before evaluation of the effectiveness of health interventions is vital. The growth so far achieved by the NHS has to be sustained and made more effective by adapting them to local communities in order to improve prevention, diagnosis and treatment delivery. There are quite a few government organizations that are entrusted with overseeing the implementation and auditing of the preventive health intervention programs. This study will focus on some of these evaluations. The National Institute for Health and Clinical excellence (NICE) offers evidence based practical guidelines to the implementation and assessment of such programs. The recently initiated NIHR Public Health Research program is designed to evaluate current programs and offer evidence based approach for future. In particular, the NIHR research program focuses on the practicalities and to address issues such as social inequalities in the implementation of a health initiative. (NHS, 2011) Similarly the NHS Health Scotland evaluates preventive interventions in the country and provides extensive reports pertaining to the programs locally. Furthermore, five independent research bodies namely Fuse, DECIPHer, ‘Northern Ireland Centre of Excellence for Public Health’, CEDAR and UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies provide research based evidence for implementation and evaluation of public health programs. (NOO, 2011) While some programs have been touted as vastly successful others are found to be lacking in terms of practical results. This study aims to have a closer look into these disparities and arrive at some improvements.Research QuestionHow effective are health organizations in designing and implementing preventive health initiatives to control Heart diseases Is the strategic drive by the UK government health depart ment to control cardiac diseases by preventive programs such as anti smoking campaigns, Physical activity programs, and Obesity and diabetes control programs effective and bearing resultsThere are certainly differences of opinion regarding the answers to these questions. This research seeks to more closely examine the relevant issues and answer these questions. MethodologyResearch StrategyThis research is based on an objective, scientific methodology. This research proposes to use both primary and secondary sources. Articles from databases of published research materials and government publications constitute the secondary sources (Wrenn et. al 2006). These would be obtained by using appropriate keyword based search. The combination of keywords would constitute effective exclusion criteria so that unrelated material could be avoided. For the primary sources of information many government agencies and people responsible for overseeing and evaluating health intervention programs would be contacted over phone and email. The questionnaires for these respondents would be designed based on research findings obtained from the secondary research. In this way it is possible to ascertain if the primary sources of information agree with the conclusions of the previous research findings. Rating scales would be used to assess the effectiveness of he alth interventions and semi structured questionnaires would be employed to gather information directly from the persons who supervised these programs. (Babbie 2010) The advantage of using semi structured questions is that it would help extract more information about the success or failure of these programs.Access/Ethical IssuesTelephonic interviews and email based questionnaires are the main access methods in this study. Since the people currently representing an organization would be contacted and their opinions about current and past health interventions programs will be gathered, it would cause an ethical predicament. The opinions of people in charge of these programs might affect or jeopardize their career with the organization if their views about these programs are unintentionally leaked out. A confidentiality agreement would therefore be necessary to encourage people to talk openly and disclose information related to the health projects.Limitations of the ResearchIt takes a lot of time for large-scale projects to take effect and hence evaluating health projects could have to be undertaken over an extended period. Especially, since some of the new cardio vascular health programs such as ‘Destination 2020’ have just commenced it would not be possible to assess the effects of these and other such new initiatives in this study. Conclusion This proposal outlines the research question concerned with the evaluation of health projects aimed at preventing cardiovascular and other related diseases in the UK. The literature review uses reports from government organizations and clearly highlights the immediate need for intervention and a strategic focus for controlling cardiac health problems across the country. The research methodology is useful to evaluate these programs and to analyze their impact. These results would serve to help us in adapting polices suitably so that the ideology of preventive care could be translated into a pragmatically feasible approach. Time Chart ActivityTime Scale Research Design Planning Review of Literature Research Objectives Preparation of Questionnaires Contact Primary sources Survey Analysis of Data Draft of Dissertation Final Dissertation References Babbie, E R (2010), The Practice of Social Research (12th Edition.), Cengage Learning, Belmont, CA British Heart Foundation (2009), Destination 2020: A Plan for Cardiac and Vascular Health, British Heart Foundation, London. British Heart Foundation, (2010) Coronary Heart Disease Statistics: Behavioral Risk Factors, University of Oxford. Department of Health (2007a), The Coronary Heart Disease National Service Framework: Building for the future – progress report for 2007. DH, (Nov 2008), Improving Health and Work: Changing Lives, Crown Publications. UK National Obesity Observatory (2011) ‘Evaluation Websites’ Viewed Jan 16th 2012, NHS (2011) ‘Research to improve the health of the public and reduce inequalities in health’, Viewed, Jan 16th 2011, http://www.phr.ac.uk/ Steven Allender, Charlie Foster, Peter Scarborough, Mike Rayner (2007), The Burden of Physical Activity related ill Health in the UK, J Epidemiol Community Health ;61:344-348 Wrenn, B, Stevens, R E and Loudon, L (2006) Marketing research: text and cases (2nd Edition), Routledge, UK